Java线程：新特征-条件变量

条件变量是Java5线程中很重要的一个概念，顾名思义，条件变量就是表示条件的一种变量。但是必须说明，这里的条件是没有实际含义的，仅仅是个标记而已，并且条件的含义往往通过代码来赋予其含义。 这里的条件和普通意义上的条件表达式有着天壤之别。 条件变量都实现了java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition接口，条件变量的实例化是通过一个Lock对象上调用newCondition()方法来获取的，这样，条件就和一个锁对象绑定起来了。因此，Java中的条件变量只能和锁配合使用，来控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。 条件变量的出现是为了更精细控制线程等待与唤醒，在Java5之前，线程的等待与唤醒依靠的是Object对象的wait()和notify()/notifyAll()方法，这样的处理不够精细。 而在Java5中，一个锁可以有多个条件，每个条件上可以有多个线程等待，通过调用await()方法，可以让线程在该条件下等待。当调用signalAll()方法，又可以唤醒该条件下的等待的线程。有关Condition接口的API可以具体参考JavaAPI文档。 条件变量比较抽象，原因是他不是自然语言中的条件概念，而是程序控制的一种手段。 下面以一个银行存取款的模拟程序为例来揭盖Java多线程条件变量的神秘面纱： 有一个账户，多个用户（线程）在同时操作这个账户，有的存款有的取款，存款随便存，取款有限制，不能透支，任何试图透支的操作都将等待里面有足够存款才执行操作。 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;/*** Java线程：条件变量** @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29*/public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { //创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); //创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); //执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); //关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); }}/*** 存款线程类*/class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); }}/*** 取款线程类*/class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); }}/*** 普通银行账户，不可透支*/class MyCount { private String oid; //账号 private int cash; //账户余额 private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); //账户锁 private Condition _save = lock.newCondition(); //存款条件 private Condition _draw = lock.newCondition(); //取款条件 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public void saving(int x, String name) { lock.lock(); //获取锁 if (x > 0) { cash += x; //存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); } _draw.signalAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。 lock.unlock(); //释放锁 } /** * 取款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public void drawing(int x, String name) { lock.lock(); //获取锁 try { if (cash - x < 0) { _draw.await(); //阻塞取款操作 } else { cash -= x; //取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); } _save.signalAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作 } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); //释放锁 } }} 李四存款3600，当前余额为13600张三存款2000，当前余额为15600老张存款600，当前余额为16200老牛取款1300，当前余额为14900胖子取款800，当前余额为14100王五取款2700，当前余额为11400Process finished with exit code 0 假如我们不用锁和条件变量，如何实现此功能呢？下面是实现代码：import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;/*** Java线程：不用条件变量** @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29*/public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { //创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); //创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); //执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); //关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); }}/*** 存款线程类*/class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); }}/*** 取款线程类*/class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); }}/*** 普通银行账户，不可透支*/class MyCount { private String oid; //账号 private int cash; //账户余额 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) { if (x > 0) { cash += x; //存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); } notifyAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。 } /** * 取款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) { if (cash - x < 0) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } else { cash -= x; //取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); } notifyAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作 }} 输出结果为：李四存款3600，当前余额为13600王五取款2700，当前余额为10900老张存款600，当前余额为11500老牛取款1300，当前余额为10200胖子取款800，当前余额为9400张三存款2000，当前余额为11400Process finished with exit code 0 结合先前同步代码知识，举一反三，将此例改为同步代码块来实现，代码如下：import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;/*** Java线程：改为同步代码块** @author leizhimin 2009-11-5 10:57:29*/public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { //创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); //创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); //执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); //关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); }}/*** 存款线程类*/class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); }}/*** 取款线程类*/class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; //操作人 private MyCount myCount; //账户 private int x; //存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); }}/*** 普通银行账户，不可透支*/class MyCount { private String oid; //账号 private int cash; //账户余额 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public void saving(int x, String name) { if (x > 0) { synchronized (this) { cash += x; //存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); notifyAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。 } } } /** * 取款 * * @param x 操作金额 * @param name 操作人 */ public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) { synchronized (this) { if (cash - x < 0) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } else { cash -= x; //取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + "，当前余额为" + cash); } } notifyAll(); //唤醒所有存款操作 }} 李四存款3600，当前余额为13600王五取款2700，当前余额为10900老张存款600，当前余额为11500老牛取款1300，当前余额为10200胖子取款800，当前余额为9400张三存款2000，当前余额为11400Process finished with exit code 0 对比以上三种方式，从控制角度上讲，第一种最灵活，第二种代码最简单，第三种容易犯错。