程序员的自我修养: 静态链接的过程

1. 空间与地址分配

是一个相似段合并的过程。

step one，空间与地址分配

step two，符号解析与重定位

//a.cextern int shared;int main(){int a = 100;swap(&a, &shared);}

//b.cint shared = 1;void swap(int* a, int* b){*a ^= *b ^= *a ^= *b;}

pinder@ubuntu:~/program$ gcc -c a.c b.cpinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -h a.oa.o: file format elf32-i386Sections:Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn 0 .text 00000027 00000000 00000000 00000034 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE 1 .data 00000000 00000000 00000000 0000005c 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA 2 .bss 00000000 00000000 00000000 0000005c 2**2 ALLOC 3 .comment 00000024 00000000 00000000 0000005c 2**0 CONTENTS, READONLY 4 .note.GNU-stack 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000080 2**0 CONTENTS, READONLYpinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -h b.ob.o: file format elf32-i386Sections:Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn 0 .text 0000003a 00000000 00000000 00000034 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE 1 .data 00000004 00000000 00000000 00000070 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA 2 .bss 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000074 2**2 ALLOC 3 .comment 00000024 00000000 00000000 00000074 2**0 CONTENTS, READONLY 4 .note.GNU-stack 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000098 2**0 CONTENTS, READONLYpinder@ubuntu:~/program$ ld a.o b.o -e main -o abpinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -h abab: file format elf32-i386Sections:Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn 0 .text 00000062 08048094 08048094 00000094 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE 1 .data 00000004 080490f8 080490f8 000000f8 2**2 CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA 2 .comment 00000023 00000000 00000000 000000fc 2**0 CONTENTS, READONLY

 

链接之前，目标文件中的所有段的VMA都是0。

.text or .data的VMA(虚拟地址)为什么不为0？这涉及操作系统的进程虚拟地址空间的分配原则。

当虚拟空间地址分配完之后，就可以根据所分配的虚拟空间地址确定符号的地址。

 

2. 符号解析与重定位

pinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -d a.oa.o: file format elf32-i386Disassembly of section .text:00000000 <main>: 0:55 push %ebp 1:89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 3:83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffff0,%esp 6:83 ec 20 sub $0x20,%esp 9:c7 44 24 1c 64 00 00 movl $0x64,0x1c(%esp) 10:00 11:c7 44 24 04 /*00 00 00 movl $0x0,0x4(%esp) 18:00*/ 19:8d 44 24 1c lea 0x1c(%esp),%eax 1d:89 04 24 mov %eax,(%esp) 20:e8 /*fc ff ff ff call 21 <main+0x21>*/ 25:c9 leave 26:c3 ret pinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -d abab: file format elf32-i386Disassembly of section .text:08048094 <main>: 8048094:55 push %ebp 8048095:89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 8048097:83 e4 f0 and $0xfffffff0,%esp 804809a:83 ec 20 sub $0x20,%esp 804809d:c7 44 24 1c 64 00 00 movl $0x64,0x1c(%esp) 80480a4:00 80480a5:c7 44 24 04 /*f8 90 04 movl $0x80490f8,0x4(%esp) 80480ac:08*/ 80480ad:8d 44 24 1c lea 0x1c(%esp),%eax 80480b1:89 04 24 mov %eax,(%esp) 80480b4:e8 /*03 00 00 00 call 80480bc*/ <swap> 80480b9:c9 leave 80480ba:c3 ret 80480bb:90 nop080480bc <swap>: 80480bc:55 push %ebp 80480bd:89 e5 mov %esp,%ebp 80480bf:53 push %ebx 80480c0:8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax 80480c3:8b 10 mov (%eax),%edx 80480c5:8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 80480c8:8b 08 mov (%eax),%ecx 80480ca:8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax 80480cd:8b 18 mov (%eax),%ebx 80480cf:8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 80480d2:8b 00 mov (%eax),%eax 80480d4:31 c3 xor %eax,%ebx 80480d6:8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax 80480d9:89 18 mov %ebx,(%eax) 80480db:8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax 80480de:8b 00 mov (%eax),%eax 80480e0:31 c1 xor %eax,%ecx 80480e2:8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 80480e5:89 08 mov %ecx,(%eax) 80480e7:8b 45 0c mov 0xc(%ebp),%eax 80480ea:8b 00 mov (%eax),%eax 80480ec:31 c2 xor %eax,%edx 80480ee:8b 45 08 mov 0x8(%ebp),%eax 80480f1:89 10 mov %edx,(%eax) 80480f3:5b pop %ebx 80480f4:5d pop %ebp 80480f5:c3 ret 

 

重定位表

pinder@ubuntu:~/program$ objdump -r a.oa.o: file format elf32-i386RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:OFFSET TYPE VALUE 00000015 R_386_32 shared00000021 R_386_PC32 swap

重定位表的结构：

typedef struct { ELf32_Addr r_offset; //重定位入口的偏移 Elf 32_Word r_info; //重定位入口的类型和符号。低8位表示重定位入口的类型，高24位表示重定位入口的符号在符号表中的下标}Elf32_Rel;

 

R_366_32        绝对寻址修正  S+A

R_386_PC32  相对寻址修正  S+A-P

 

C++相关问题

全局构造函数与析构函数

ELF文件定义了两种特殊的段.init, .fini分别存放初始化代码和进程终止代码指令.

 

最小的程序

不使用库函数

char* str = "Hello world/n";void print(){asm("movl $13, %%edx /n/t""movl %0, %%ecx /n/t""movl $0, %%ebx /n/t""movl $4, %%eax /n/t""int $0x80/n/t"::"r"(str):"edx", "ecx", "ebx");}void exit(){asm("movl $42, %ebx /n/t""movl $1, %eax /n/t""int $0x80 /n/t");}void nomain(){print();exit();}