Gails中的GORM的关系

5.2.1.1 One-to-one

A one-to-one relationship is the simplest kind, and is defined trivially using a property of the type of another domain class. Consider this example:

 

Example A

 

class Face {    Nose nose}class Nose {}

In this case we have unidirectional many-to-one relationship from Face to Nose. To make it a true one-to-one you should make nose unique:

 

class Face {    Nose nose    static constraints = {        nose unique: true    }}class Nose {}

To make this relationship bidirectional define the other side as follows:

 

Example B

 

class Face {    Nose nose}class Nose {    static belongsTo = [face:Face]}

In this case we use the belongsTo setting to say that Nose "belongs to" Face. The result of this is that we can create a Face and save it and the database updates/inserts will be cascaded down to Nose:

 

new Face(nose:new Nose()).save()

The example above will save both face and nose. Note that the inverse is not true and will result in an error due to a transient Face:

 

new Nose(face:new Face()).save() // will cause an error

Another important implication of belongsTo is that if you delete a Face instance the Nose will be deleted too:

 

def f = Face.get(1)f.delete() // both Face and Nose deleted

In the previous example the foreign key associated the Face with the Nose is stored in the parent as column called nose_id. If you want the foreign key to be stored in the child you need a hasOne association:

 

Example C

 

class Face {    static hasOne = [nose:Nose]}class Nose {    Face face}

In this example you get a bidirectional one-to-one where the foreign key column is stored in the nose table inside a column called face_id.

5.2.1.2 One-to-many

A one-to-many relationship is when one class, example Author, has many instances of a another class, example Book. With Grails you define such a relationship with the hasMany setting:

 

class Author {    static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
    String name}class Book {String title}

In this case we have a unidirectional one-to-many. Grails will, by default, map this kind of relationship with a join table.

 

The ORM DSL allows mapping unidirectional relationships using a foreign key association instead

Grails will automatically inject a property of type java.util.Set into the domain class based on the hasMany setting. This can be used to iterate over the collection:

 

def a = Author.get(1)
a.books.each {println it.title}

 

The default fetch strategy used by Grails is "lazy", which means that the collection will be lazily initialized. This can lead to the n+1 problem if you are not careful.

If you need "eager" fetching you can use the ORM DSL or specify eager fetching as part of a query

The default cascading behaviour is to cascade saves and updates, but not deletes unless a belongsTo is also specified:

 

class Author {    static hasMany = [ books : Book ]
    String name}class Book {static belongsTo = [author:Author]String title}

If you have two properties of the same type on the many side of a one-to-many you have to use mappedBy to specify which the collection is mapped:

 

class Airport {static hasMany = [flights:Flight]static mappedBy = [flights:"departureAirport"]}class Flight {Airport departureAirportAirport destinationAirport}

This is also true if you have multiple collections that map to different properties on the many side:

 

class Airport {static hasMany = [outboundFlights:Flight, inboundFlights:Flight]static mappedBy = [outboundFlights:"departureAirport", inboundFlights:"destinationAirport"]}class Flight {Airport departureAirportAirport destinationAirport}

 

5.2.1.3 Many-to-many

Grails supports many-to-many relationships by defining a hasMany on both sides of the relationship and having a belongsTo on the owned side of the relationship:

 

class Book {   static belongsTo = Author   static hasMany = [authors:Author]   String title}class Author {   static hasMany = [books:Book]   String name}

Grails maps a many-to-many using a join table at the database level. The owning side of the relationship, in this case Author, takes responsibility for persisting the relationship and is the only side that can cascade saves across.

For example this will work and cascade saves:

 

new Author(name:"Stephen King").addToBooks(new Book(title:"The Stand")).addToBooks(new Book(title:"The Shining")).save()

However the below will only save the Book and not the authors!

 

new Book(name:"Groovy in Action").addToAuthors(new Author(name:"Dierk Koenig")).addToAuthors(new Author(name:"Guillaume Laforge")).save()

This is the expected behaviour as, just like Hibernate, only one side of a many-to-many can take responsibility for managing the relationship.