Spring注解入门

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Spring注解入门

1. 使用Spring注解来注入属性
1.1. 使用注解以前我们是怎样注入属性的
类的实现:

Java代码

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public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {    
    private UserDao userDao;    
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {    
        this.userDao = userDao;    
    }    
    ...    
}    
 
public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {  
 
  private UserDao userDao;  
 
  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {  
 
   this.userDao = userDao;  
 
  }  
 
  ...  
 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager { 
    private UserDao userDao; 
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { 
        this.userDao = userDao; 
    } 
    ... 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {

  private UserDao userDao;

  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {

   this.userDao = userDao;

  }

  ...

}

 


配置文件:

Java代码

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<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl">    
    <property name="userDao" ref="userDao" />    
</bean>    
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl">    
    <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" />    
</bean>    
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl"> 
 
  <property name="userDao" ref="userDao" /> 
 
</bean> 
 
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl"> 
 
  <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" /> 
 
</bean> 
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl"> 
    <property name="userDao" ref="userDao" /> 
</bean> 
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl"> 
    <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" /> 
</bean> 
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl">

  <property name="userDao" ref="userDao" />

</bean>

<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl">

  <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" />

</bean>

 

1.2. 引入@Autowired注解(不推荐使用,建议使用@Resource)
类的实现(对成员变量进行标注)

Java代码

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public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {    
    @Autowired    
    private UserDao userDao;    
    ...    
}    
public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {  
 
  @Autowired 
 
  private UserDao userDao;  
 
  ...  
 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager { 
    @Autowired 
    private UserDao userDao; 
    ... 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {

  @Autowired

  private UserDao userDao;

  ...

}

 
或者(对方法进行标注)

Java代码

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public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {    
    private UserDao userDao;    
    @Autowired    
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {    
        this.userDao = userDao;    
    }    
    ...    
}    
public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {  
 
  private UserDao userDao;  
 
  @Autowired 
 
  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {  
 
   this.userDao = userDao;  
 
  }  
 
  ...  
 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager { 
    private UserDao userDao; 
    @Autowired 
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { 
        this.userDao = userDao; 
    } 
    ... 

public class UserManagerImpl implements UserManager {

  private UserDao userDao;

  @Autowired

  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {

   this.userDao = userDao;

  }

  ...

}

 
配置文件

Java代码

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<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl" />    
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl">    
    <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" />    
</bean>    
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl" /> 
 
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl"> 
 
  <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" /> 
 
</bean> 
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl" /> 
<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl"> 
    <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" /> 
</bean> 
<bean id="userManagerImpl" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.service.UserManagerImpl" />

<bean id="userDao" class="com.kedacom.spring.annotation.persistence.UserDaoImpl">

  <property name="sessionFactory" ref="mySessionFactory" />

</bean>

 
@Autowired可以对成员变量、方法和构造函数进行标注,来完成自动装配的工作。以上两种不同实现方式中,@Autowired的标注位置 不同,它们都会在Spring在初始化userManagerImpl这个bean时,自动装配userDao这个属性,区别是:第一种实现中,Spring会直接将UserDao类型的唯一一个bean赋值给userDao这个成员变量;第二种实现中,Spring会调用 setUserDao方法来将UserDao类型的唯一一个bean装配到userDao这个属性。

1.3. 让@Autowired工作起来
要使@Autowired能够工作,还需要在配置文件中加入以下代码

Java代码


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<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" />    
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" /> 
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" /> 
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor" />
 
1.4. @Qualifier
@Autowired是根据类型进行自动装配的。在上面的例子中,如果当Spring上下文中存在不止一个UserDao类型的bean时,就会 抛出BeanCreationException异常;如果Spring上下文中不存在UserDao类型的bean,也会抛出 BeanCreationException异常。我们可以使用@Qualifier配合@Autowired来解决这些问题。
1. 可能存在多个UserDao实例


 

 

Java代码

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@Autowired    
public void setUserDao(@Qualifier("userDao") UserDao userDao) {    
    this.userDao = userDao;    
}    
 
  @Autowired 
  public void setUserDao(@Qualifier("userDao") UserDao userDao) {  
 
   this.userDao = userDao;  
 
  } 
@Autowired 
public void setUserDao(@Qualifier("userDao") UserDao userDao) { 
    this.userDao = userDao; 

  @Autowired
  public void setUserDao(@Qualifier("userDao") UserDao userDao) {

   this.userDao = userDao;

  }

 
这样,Spring会找到id为userDao的bean进行装配。
2. 可能不存在UserDao实例

Java代码

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@Autowired(required = false)    
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {    
    this.userDao = userDao;    
}    
 
  @Autowired(required = false)  
  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {  
 
   this.userDao = userDao;  
 
  } 
@Autowired(required = false) 
public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { 
    this.userDao = userDao; 

  @Autowired(required = false)
  public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {

   this.userDao = userDao;

  }

 

1.5. @Resource(JSR-250标准注解,推荐使用它来代替Spring专有的@Autowired注解)
Spring 不但支持自己定义的@Autowired注解,还支持几个由JSR-250规范定义的注解,它们分别是@Resource、@PostConstruct以及@PreDestroy。
@Resource的作用相当于@Autowired,只不过@Autowired按byType自动注入,而@Resource默认按 byName自动注入罢了。@Resource有两个属性是比较重要的,分别是name和type,Spring将@Resource注解的name属性 解析为bean的名字,而type属性则解析为bean的类型。所以如果使用name属性,则使用byName的自动注入策略,而使用type属性时则使 用byType自动注入策略。如果既不指定name也不指定type属性,这时将通过反射机制使用byName自动注入策略。
@Resource装配顺序

如果同时指定了name和type,则从Spring上下文中找到唯一匹配的bean进行装配,找不到则抛出异常
如果指定了name,则从上下文中查找名称(id)匹配的bean进行装配,找不到则抛出异常
如果指定了type,则从上下文中找到类型匹配的唯一bean进行装配,找不到或者找到多个,都会抛出异常
如果既没有指定name,又没有指定type,则自动按照byName方式进行装配(见2);如果没有匹配,则回退为一个原始类型(UserDao)进行匹配,如果匹配则自动装配;


1.6. @PostConstruct(JSR-250)
在方法上加上注解@PostConstruct,这个方法就会在Bean初始化之后被Spring容器执行(注:Bean初始化包括,实例化Bean,并装配Bean的属性(依赖注入))。
它的一个典型的应用场景是,当你需要往Bean里注入一个其父类中定义的属性,而你又无法复写父类的属性或属性的setter方法时,如:

Java代码

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public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {    
    private SessionFactory mySessionFacotry;    
    @Resource    
    public void setMySessionFacotry(SessionFactory sessionFacotry) {    
        this.mySessionFacotry = sessionFacotry;    
    }    
    @PostConstruct    
    public void injectSessionFactory() {    
        super.setSessionFactory(mySessionFacotry);    
    }    
    ...    
}    
 
public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {  
 
  private SessionFactory mySessionFacotry;  
 
  @Resource  
  public void setMySessionFacotry(SessionFactory sessionFacotry) {  
 
   this.mySessionFacotry = sessionFacotry;  
 
  }  
 
  @PostConstruct  
  public void injectSessionFactory() {  
 
   super.setSessionFactory(mySessionFacotry);  
 
  }  
 
  ...  
 

public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao { 
    private SessionFactory mySessionFacotry; 
    @Resource 
    public void setMySessionFacotry(SessionFactory sessionFacotry) { 
        this.mySessionFacotry = sessionFacotry; 
    } 
    @PostConstruct 
    public void injectSessionFactory() { 
        super.setSessionFactory(mySessionFacotry); 
    } 
    ... 

public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {

  private SessionFactory mySessionFacotry;

  @Resource
  public void setMySessionFacotry(SessionFactory sessionFacotry) {

   this.mySessionFacotry = sessionFacotry;

  }

  @PostConstruct
  public void injectSessionFactory() {

   super.setSessionFactory(mySessionFacotry);

  }

  ...

}
 
这里通过@PostConstruct,为UserDaoImpl的父类里定义的一个sessionFactory私有属性,注入了我们自己定义 的sessionFactory(父类的setSessionFactory方法为final,不可复写),之后我们就可以通过调用 super.getSessionFactory()来访问该属性了。

1.7. @PreDestroy(JSR-250)
在方法上加上注解@PreDestroy,这个方法就会在Bean初始化之后被Spring容器执行。由于我们当前还没有需要用到它的场景,这里不不去演示。其用法同@PostConstruct。

1.8. 使用<context:annotation-config />简化配置
Spring2.1添加了一个新的context的Schema命名空间,该命名空间对注释驱动、属性文件引入、加载期织入等功能提供了便捷的配 置。我们知道注释本身是不会做任何事情的,它仅提供元数据信息。要使元数据信息真正起作用,必须让负责处理这些元数据的处理器工作起来。
AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor和 CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor就是处理这些注释元数据的处理器。但是直接在Spring配置文件中定义这些 Bean显得比较笨拙。Spring为我们提供了一种方便的注册这些BeanPostProcessor的方式,这就 是<context:annotation-config />:

Java代码

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<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">    
    <context:annotation-config />    
</beans>    
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 
 
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans  
 
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd  
 
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context  
 
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> 
 
  <context:annotation-config /> 
 
</beans> 
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> 
    <context:annotation-config /> 
</beans> 
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

  http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd

  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context

  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">

  <context:annotation-config />

</beans>

 
<context:annotationconfig />将隐式地向Spring容器注册AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor、 CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor、 PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor以及 RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor这4个BeanPostProcessor。

2. 使用Spring注解完成Bean的定义
以上我们介绍了通过@Autowired或@Resource来实现在Bean中自动注入的功能,下面我们将介绍如何注解Bean,从而从XML配置文件中完全移除Bean定义的配置。

2.1. @Component(不推荐使用)、@Repository、@Service、@Controller
只需要在对应的类上加上一个@Component注解,就将该类定义为一个Bean了:

Java代码

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@Component    
public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {    
    ...    
}    
 
@Component  
public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {  
 
  ...  
 

@Component 
public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao { 
    ... 

@Component
public class UserDaoImpl extends HibernateDaoSupport implements UserDao {

  ...

}

 
使用@Component注解定义的Bean,默认的名称(id)是小写开头的非限定类名。如这里定义的Bean名称就是userDaoImpl。你也可以指定Bean的名称:
@Component("userDao")
@Component是所有受Spring管理组件的通用形式,Spring还提供了更加细化的注解形式:@Repository、 @Service、@Controller,它们分别对应存储层Bean,业务层Bean,和展示层Bean。目前版本(2.5)中,这些注解与 @Component的语义是一样的,完全通用,在Spring以后的版本中可能会给它们追加更多的语义。所以,我们推荐使用@Repository、 @Service、@Controller来替代@Component。

2.2. 使用<context:component-scan />让Bean定义注解工作起来

Java代码

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<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context    
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">    
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.kedacom.ksoa" />    
</beans>    
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 
 
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans  
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd  
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context  
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> 
  <context:component-scan base-package="com.kedacom.ksoa" /> 
</beans> 
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> 
    <context:component-scan base-package="com.kedacom.ksoa" /> 
</beans> 
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
  http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd">
  <context:component-scan base-package="com.kedacom.ksoa" />
</beans>

 
这里,所有通过<bean>元素定义Bean的配置内容已经被移除,仅需要添加一行<context:component- scan />配置就解决所有问题了——Spring XML配置文件得到了极致的简化(当然配置元数据还是需要的,只不过以注释形式存在罢了)。<context:component-scan />的base-package属性指定了需要扫描的类包,类包及其递归子包中所有的类都会被处理。
<context:component-scan />还允许定义过滤器将基包下的某些类纳入或排除。Spring支持以下4种类型的过滤方式:

过滤器类型 表达式范例 说明
注解 org.example.SomeAnnotation 将所有使用SomeAnnotation注解的类过滤出来
类名指定 org.example.SomeClass 过滤指定的类
正则表达式 com/.kedacom/.spring/.annotation/.web/..* 通过正则表达式过滤一些类
AspectJ表达式 org.example..*Service+ 通过AspectJ表达式过滤一些类

以正则表达式为例,我列举一个应用实例:

Java代码

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<context:component-scan base-package="com.casheen.spring.annotation">    
    <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="com/.casheen/.spring/.annotation/.web/..*" />    
</context:component-scan>    
  <context:component-scan base-package="com.casheen.spring.annotation"> 
 
   <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="com/.casheen/.spring/.annotation/.web/..*" /> 
 
  </context:component-scan> 
<context:component-scan base-package="com.casheen.spring.annotation"> 
    <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="com/.casheen/.spring/.annotation/.web/..*" /> 
</context:component-scan> 
  <context:component-scan base-package="com.casheen.spring.annotation">

   <context:exclude-filter type="regex" expression="com/.casheen/.spring/.annotation/.web/..*" />

  </context:component-scan>

 
值得注意的是<context:component-scan />配置项不但启用了对类包进行扫描以实施注释驱动Bean定义的功能,同时还启用了注释驱动自动注入的功能(即还隐式地在内部注册了 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor和CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor), 因此当使用<context:component-scan />后,就可以将<context:annotation-config />移除了。

2.3. 使用@Scope来定义Bean的作用范围
在使用XML定义Bean时,我们可能还需要通过bean的scope属性来定义一个Bean的作用范围,我们同样可以通过@Scope注解来完成这项工作:

Java代码

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@Scope("session")    
@Component()    
public class UserSessionBean implements Serializable {    
    ...    
}    
 
@Scope("session")  
@Component()  
public class UserSessionBean implements Serializable {  
 
  ...  
 

@Scope("session") 
@Component() 
public class UserSessionBean implements Serializable { 
    ... 

@Scope("session")
@Component()
public class UserSessionBean implements Serializable {

  ...

}

 

3. 参考
http://kingtai168.javaeye.com/blog/244002
http://www.javaeye.com/topic/244153
http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/2.5.x/reference/beans.html#beans-annotation-config
http://static.springframework.org/spring/docs/2.5.x/reference/beans.html#beans-classpath-scanning

 

 

本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/haydenwang8287/archive/2010/07/31/5777156.aspx

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