中文翻译成英文 ant

Properties are an important way to customize a build process or to just provide shortcuts for strings that are used repeatedly inside a build file.

 

In its most simple form properties are defined in the build file (for example by the property task) or might be set outside Ant. A property has a name and a value; the name is case-sensitive. Properties may be used in the value of task attributes or in the nested text of tasks that support them. This is done by placing the property name between "${" and "}" in the attribute value. For example, if there is a "builddir" property with the value "build", then this could be used in an attribute like this: ${builddir}/classes. This is resolved at run-time as build/classes.

 

With Ant 1.8.0 property expansion has become much more powerful than simple key value pairs, more details can be found in the concepts section of this manual.

 

Example Buildfile

 

<project name="MyProject" default="dist" basedir=".">

    <description>

        simple example build file

    </description>

  <!-- set global properties for this build -->

  <property name="src" location="src"/>

  <property name="build" location="build"/>

  <property name="dist"  location="dist"/>

 

  <target name="init">

    <!-- Create the time stamp -->

    <tstamp/>

    <!-- Create the build directory structure used by compile -->

    <mkdir dir="${build}"/>

  </target>

 

  <target name="compile" depends="init"

        description="compile the source " >

    <!-- Compile the java code from ${src} into ${build} -->

    <javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}"/>

  </target>

 

  <target name="dist" depends="compile"

        description="generate the distribution" >

    <!-- Create the distribution directory -->

    <mkdir dir="${dist}/lib"/>

 

    <!-- Put everything in ${build} into the MyProject-${DSTAMP}.jar file -->

    <jar jarfile="${dist}/lib/MyProject-${DSTAMP}.jar" basedir="${build}"/>

  </target>

 

  <target name="clean"

        description="clean up" >

    <!-- Delete the ${build} and ${dist} directory trees -->

    <delete dir="${build}"/>

    <delete dir="${dist}"/>

  </target>

</project>

Notice that we are declaring properties outside any target. As of Ant 1.6 all tasks can be declared outside targets (earlier version only allowed <property>,<typedef> and <taskdef>). When you do this they are evaluated before any targets are executed. Some tasks will generate build failures if they are used outside of targets as they may cause infinite loops otherwise (<antcall> for example).

 

We have given some targets descriptions; this causes the projecthelp invocation option to list them as public targets with the descriptions; the other target is internal and not listed.

 

Finally, for this target to work the source in the src subdirectory should be stored in a directory tree which matches the package names. Check the <javac> task for details.

 

Token Filters

 

A project can have a set of tokens that might be automatically expanded if found when a file is copied, when the filtering-copy behavior is selected in the tasks that support this. These might be set in the buildfile by the filter task.

 

Since this can potentially be a very harmful behavior, the tokens in the files must be of the form @token@, where token is the token name that is set in the <filter> task. This token syntax matches the syntax of other build systems that perform such filtering and remains sufficiently orthogonal to most programming and scripting languages, as well as with documentation systems.

 

Note: If a token with the format @token@ is found in a file, but no filter is associated with that token, no changes take place; therefore, no escaping method is available - but as long as you choose appropriate names for your tokens, this should not cause problems.

 

Warning: If you copy binary files with filtering turned on, you can corrupt the files. This feature should be used with text files only.

 

Path-like Structures

 

You can specify PATH- and CLASSPATH-type references using both ":" and ";" as separator characters. Ant will convert the separator to the correct character of the current operating system.

 

Wherever path-like values need to be specified, a nested element can be used. This takes the general form of:

 

    <classpath>

      <pathelement path="${classpath}"/>

      <pathelement location="lib/helper.jar"/>

    </classpath>

The location attribute specifies a single file or directory relative to the project's base directory (or an absolute filename), while the path attribute accepts colon- or semicolon-separated lists of locations. The path attribute is intended to be used with predefined paths - in any other case, multiple elements with location attributes should be preferred.

 

Since Ant 1.8.2 the location attribute can also contain a wildcard in its last path component (i.e. it can end in a "*") in order to support wildcard CLASSPATHs introduced with Java6. Ant will not expand or evaluate the wildcards and the resulting path may not work as anything else but a CLASSPATH - or even as a CLASSPATH for a Java VM prior to Java6.

 

As a shortcut, the <classpath> tag supports path and location attributes of its own, so:

 

    <classpath>

      <pathelement path="${classpath}"/>

    </classpath>

can be abbreviated to:

 

    <classpath path="${classpath}"/>

In addition, one or more Resource Collections can be specified as nested elements (these must consist of file-type resources only). Additionally, it should be noted that although resource collections are processed in the order encountered, certain resource collection types such as fileset, dirset and files are undefined in terms of order.

 

    <classpath>

      <pathelement path="${classpath}"/>

      <fileset dir="lib">

        <include name="**/*.jar"/>

      </fileset>

      <pathelement location="classes"/>

      <dirset dir="${build.dir}">

        <include name="apps/**/classes"/>

        <exclude name="apps/**/*Test*"/>

      </dirset>

      <filelist refid="third-party_jars"/>

    </classpath>

This builds a path that holds the value of ${classpath}, followed by all jar files in the lib directory, the classes directory, all directories named classes under the apps subdirectory of ${build.dir}, except those that have the text Test in their name, and the files specified in the referenced FileList.

 

If you want to use the same path-like structure for several tasks, you can define them with a <path> element at the same level as targets, and reference them via their id attribute--see References for an example.

 

By default a path like structure will re-evaluate all nested resource collections whenever it is used, which may lead to unnecessary re-scanning of the filesystem. Since Ant 1.8.0 path has an optional cache attribute, if it is set to true, the path instance will only scan its nested resource collections once and assume it doesn't change during the build anymore (the default for cache still is false). Even if you are using the path only in a single task it may improve overall performance to set cache to true if you are using complex nested constructs.

 

A path-like structure can include a reference to another path-like structure (a path being itself a resource collection) via nested <path> elements:

 

    <path id="base.path">

      <pathelement path="${classpath}"/>

      <fileset dir="lib">

        <include name="**/*.jar"/>

      </fileset>

      <pathelement location="classes"/>

    </path>

 

    <path id="tests.path" cache="true">

      <path refid="base.path"/>

      <pathelement location="testclasses"/>

    </path>

The shortcuts previously mentioned for <classpath> are also valid for <path>.For example:

    <path id="base.path">

      <pathelement path="${classpath}"/>

    </path>

can be written as:

    <path id="base.path" path="${classpath}"/>

Path Shortcut

 

In Ant 1.6 a shortcut for converting paths to OS specific strings in properties has been added. One can use the expression ${toString:pathreference} to convert a path element reference to a string that can be used for a path argument. For example:

 

  <path id="lib.path.ref">

    <fileset dir="lib" includes="*.jar"/>

  </path>

  <javac srcdir="src" destdir="classes">

    <compilerarg arg="-Xbootclasspath/p:${toString:lib.path.ref}"/>

  </javac>

Command-line Arguments

 

Several tasks take arguments that will be passed to another process on the command line. To make it easier to specify arguments that contain space characters, nested arg elements can be used.

 

AttributeDescriptionRequired

valuea single command-line argument; can contain space characters.Exactly one of these.

fileThe name of a file as a single command-line argument; will be replaced with the absolute filename of the file.

pathA string that will be treated as a path-like string as a single command-line argument; you can use ; or : as path separators and Ant will convert it to the platform's local conventions.

pathrefReference to a path defined elsewhere. Ant will convert it to the platform's local conventions.

linea space-delimited list of command-line arguments.

prefixA fixed string to be placed in front of the argument. In the case of a line broken into parts, it will be placed in front of every part. Since Ant 1.8.No

suffixA fixed string to be placed immediately after the argument. In the case of a line broken into parts, it will be placed after every part. Since Ant 1.8.No

It is highly recommended to avoid the line version when possible. Ant will try to split the command line in a way similar to what a (Unix) shell would do, but may create something that is very different from what you expect under some circumstances.

 

Examples

 

  <arg value="-l -a"/>

is a single command-line argument containing a space character, not separate commands "-l" and "-a".

 

  <arg line="-l -a"/>

This is a command line with two separate arguments, "-l" and "-a".

 

  <arg path="/dir;/dir2:/dir3"/>

is a single command-line argument with the value /dir;/dir2;/dir3 on DOS-based systems and /dir:/dir2:/dir3 on Unix-like systems.

 

References

 

Any project element can be assigned an identifier using its id attribute. In most cases the element can subsequently be referenced by specifying the refid attribute on an element of the same type. This can be useful if you are going to replicate the same snippet of XML over and over again--using a <classpath> structure more than once, for example.

 

The following example:

 

<project ... >

  <target ... >

    <rmic ...>

      <classpath>

        <pathelement location="lib/"/>

        <pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>

        <pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>

      </classpath>

    </rmic>

  </target>

 

  <target ... >

    <javac ...>

      <classpath>

        <pathelement location="lib/"/>

        <pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>

        <pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>

      </classpath>

    </javac>

  </target>

</project>

could be rewritten as:

 

<project ... >

  <path id="project.class.path">

    <pathelement location="lib/"/>

    <pathelement path="${java.class.path}/"/>

    <pathelement path="${additional.path}"/>

  </path>

 

  <target ... >

    <rmic ...>

      <classpath refid="project.class.path"/>

    </rmic>

  </target>

 

  <target ... >

    <javac ...>

      <classpath refid="project.class.path"/>

    </javac>

  </target>

</project>

All tasks that use nested elements for PatternSets, FileSets, ZipFileSets or path-like structures accept references to these structures as shown in the examples. Using refid on a task will ordinarily have the same effect (referencing a task already declared), but the user should be aware that the interpretation of this attribute is dependent on the implementation of the element upon which it is specified. Some tasks (the property task is a handy example) deliberately assign a different meaning to refid.

 

Use of external tasks

 

Ant supports a plugin mechanism for using third party tasks. For using them you have to do two steps:

place their implementation somewhere where Ant can find them

declare them.

Don't add anything to the CLASSPATH environment variable - this is often the reason for very obscure errors. Use Ant's own mechanisms for adding libraries:

via command line argument -lib

adding to ${user.home}/.ant/lib

adding to ${ant.home}/lib

For the declaration there are several ways:

declare a single task per using instruction using <taskdef name="taskname" classname="ImplementationClass"/> 

<taskdef name="for" classname="net.sf.antcontrib.logic.For" /> <for ... />

declare a bundle of tasks using a properties-file holding these taskname-ImplementationClass-pairs and <taskdef> 

<taskdef resource="net/sf/antcontrib/antcontrib.properties" /> <for ... />

declare a bundle of tasks using a xml-file holding these taskname-ImplementationClass-pairs and <taskdef> 

<taskdef resource="net/sf/antcontrib/antlib.xml" /> <for ... />

declare a bundle of tasks using a xml-file named antlib.xml, XML-namespace and antlib: protocoll handler 

<project xmlns:ac="antlib:net.sf.antconrib"/> <ac:for ... />

If you need a special function, you should

have a look at this manual, because Ant provides lot of tasks

have a look at the external task page in the manual (or better online)

have a look at the external task wiki page

ask on the Ant user list

implement (and share) your own