精妙SQL速查手册

精妙SQL速查手册一、基础1、说明：创建数据库CREATE DATABASE database-name2、说明：删除数据库drop database dbname3、说明：备份sql server--- 创建 备份数据的 deviceUSE masterEXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:/mssql7backup/MyNwind_1.dat'--- 开始 备份BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack4、说明：创建新表create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)根据已有的表创建新表：A：create table tab_new like tab_old (使用旧表创建新表)B：create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only5、说明：删除新表drop table tabname6、说明：增加一个列Alter table tabname add column col type注：列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变，唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。7、说明：添加主键： Alter table tabname add primary key(col)说明：删除主键： Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)8、说明：创建索引：create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)删除索引：drop index idxname注：索引是不可更改的，想更改必须删除重新建。9、说明：创建视图：create view viewname as select statement删除视图：drop view viewname10、说明：几个简单的基本的sql语句选择：select * from table1 where 范围插入：insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2)删除：delete from table1 where 范围更新：update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围查找：select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ ---like的语法很精妙，查资料!排序：select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc]总数：select count as totalcount from table1求和：select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1平均：select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1最大：select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1最小：select min(field1) as minvalue from table111、说明：几个高级查询运算词A： UNION 运算符UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表（例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2）并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时（即 UNION ALL），不消除重复行。两种情况下，派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。B： EXCEPT 运算符EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL)，不消除重复行。C： INTERSECT 运算符INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL)，不消除重复行。注：使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。12、说明：使用外连接A、left outer join：左外连接（左连接）：结果集几包括连接表的匹配行，也包括左连接表的所有行。SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.cB：right outer join:右外连接(右连接)：结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行，也包括右连接表的所有行。C：full outer join：全外连接：不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行，还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。二、提升1、说明：复制表(只复制结构,源表名：a 新表名：b) (Access可用)法一：select * into b from a where 1<>1法二：select top 0 * into b from a2、说明：拷贝表(拷贝数据,源表名：a 目标表名：b) (Access可用)insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;3、说明：跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件例子：..from b in '"&Server.MapPath(".")&"/data.mdb" &"' where..4、说明：子查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)5、说明：显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b6、说明：外连接查询(表名1：a 表名2：b)select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c7、说明：在线视图查询(表名1：a )select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;8、说明：between的用法,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值29、说明：in 的使用方法select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)10、说明：两张关联表，删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1 )11、说明：四表联查问题：select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .....12、说明：日程安排提前五分钟提醒SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff('minute',f开始时间,getdate())>513、说明：一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段14、说明：前10条记录select top 10 * form table1 where 范围15、说明：选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)16、说明：包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)17、说明：随机取出10条数据select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()18、说明：随机选择记录select newid()19、说明：删除重复记录Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,...)20、说明：列出数据库里所有的表名select name from sysobjects where type='U'21、说明：列出表里的所有的select name from syscolumns where id=object_id('TableName')22、说明：列示type、vender、pcs字段，以type字段排列，case可以方便地实现多重选择，类似select 中的case。select type,sum(case vender when 'A' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'C' then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when 'B' then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type显示结果：type vender pcs电脑 A 1电脑 A 1光盘 B 2光盘 A 2手机 B 3手机 C 323、说明：初始化表table1TRUNCATE TABLE table124、说明：选择从10到15的记录select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc三、技巧1、1=1，1=2的使用，在SQL语句组合时用的较多“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选，如：if @strWhere !=''beginset @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where ' + @strWhereendelsebeginset @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + ']'end我们可以直接写成set @strSQL = 'select count(*) as Total from [' + @tblName + '] where 1=1 安定 '+ @strWhere2、收缩数据库--重建索引DBCC REINDEXDBCC INDEXDEFRAG--收缩数据和日志DBCC SHRINKDBDBCC SHRINKFILE3、压缩数据库dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限exec sp_change_users_login 'update_one','newname','oldname'go5、检查备份集RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk='E:/dvbbs.bak'6、修复数据库ALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USERGODBCC CHECKDB('dvbbs',repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCKGOALTER DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USERGO7、日志清除SET NOCOUNT ONDECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, @MaxMinutes INT, @NewSize INTUSE tablename -- 要操作的数据库名SELECT @LogicalFileName = 'tablename_log', -- 日志文件名@MaxMinutes = 10, -- Limit on time allowed to wrap log. @NewSize = 1 -- 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M)-- Setup / initializeDECLARE @OriginalSize intSELECT @OriginalSize = size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileNameSELECT 'Original Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ' 8K pages or ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + 'MB' FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileNameCREATE TABLE DummyTrans (DummyColumn char (8000) not null)DECLARE @Counter INT, @StartTime DATETIME, @TruncLog VARCHAR(255)SELECT @StartTime = GETDATE(), @TruncLog = 'BACKUP LOG ' + db_name() + ' WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY'DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize)EXEC (@TruncLog)-- Wrap the log if necessary.WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) -- time has not expired AND @OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileName) AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize BEGIN -- Outer loop. SELECT @Counter = 0 WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) BEGIN -- update INSERT DummyTrans VALUES ('Fill Log') DELETE DummyTrans SELECT @Counter = @Counter + 1 END EXEC (@TruncLog) END SELECT 'Final Size of ' + db_name() + ' LOG is ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ' 8K pages or ' + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + 'MB' FROM sysfiles WHERE name = @LogicalFileNameDROP TABLE DummyTransSET NOCOUNT OFF8、说明：更改某个表exec sp_changeobjectowner 'tablename','dbo'9、存储更改全部表CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch@OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),@NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128)ASDECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE curObject CURSOR FORselect 'Name' = name, 'Owner' = user_name(uid)from sysobjectswhere user_name(uid)=@OldOwnerorder by nameOPEN curObjectFETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @OwnerWHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0)BEGIN if @Owner=@OldOwnerbegin set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwnerend-- select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwnerFETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @OwnerENDclose curObjectdeallocate curObjectGO10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据declare @i intset @i=1while @i<30begin insert into test (userid) values(@i) set @i=@i+1end