PREP 语法笔记 11

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111. (30237-!-item-!-188;#058&004708)

Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into

view 340,000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's protective

ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.

(A) that a star that was as bright as the full moon exploding into view 340,000 years ago, emitting

(B) that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into view 340,000 years ago, emitting

emitted

(D) of a star as bright as the full moon, exploding into view 340,000 years ago and emitting

(E) of a star as bright as the full moon that exploded into view 340,000 years ago and that emitted

A. evidence that… 从句中的句子无谓语：a star (that was as bright as the full moon) exploding…；

emitting看似与exploding平行，但缺少连词建立这两个动词之间的关系。

B. 正确，详见“句子结构”分析。

C. Evidence of a star不如evidence that…表达有效。该选项，that成为修饰star的定语从句，整个

句子的主结构变成：Astronomers have uncovered evidence of a star――宇航员发现了关于某

颗恒星的证据，至于原句要强调的证据的具体内容，被定语从句给“淹没”了；该选项存在平行的

两个定语从句：a star that… and that…。第二个定语从句中it多余，that已经指代主语star，it同

指代主语star，使这部分从句出现双主语。

D. Of应该为that

E. Of应该为that；that位于moon之后，引导的定语从句错误地修饰了moon。

句子结构：Astronomers have uncovered evidence that…为句子主结构（第一层次）。

That引导从句解释evidence的内容，为第二层次。从句内部主结构为: a star exploded into… emitting

现在分词位于句尾，用逗号（;）与前句隔开，作为伴随状语修饰前句，逻辑主语与前句主语相同，

为star。伴随状语部分that引起限定性定语从句（第三层次）修饰radiation，该定语从句内部两个动词

要求平行：could have disrupted and sunburned….

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 句子，不管是主句还是从句，均要求基本句子结构完整，主语谓语必须齐全。

2) 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可

以很清楚的说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介词、代词，使句子简单清晰。

3) and前后连接的部分应该平行对称。

112. (30283-!-item-!-188;#058&005246)

In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers, making it

more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.

(A) In hoping to restrain economic growth, interest rates were raised by British policymakers,

making it more expensive to borrow for businesses and consumers.

(B) Making it more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow, interest rates were raised

by British policymakers, in hopes of their restraining economic growth.

hopes they will restrain economic growth, had raised interest rates.

(D) Hopefully restraining economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making more

expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers.

(E) Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it more

expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.

A. In hoping的逻辑主语不能为该句主语：interest rates，句子逻辑含义不合理；主句的被动语态没

有必要。

B. Making的逻辑主语不能为该句主语：interest rates，句子逻辑含义不合理；主句的被动语态没有

必要。

C. 使用过去完成时态没有依据。

D. Making more expensive borrowing by businesses and consumers表达笨拙。

E. 正确，making现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴随状语表结果。本句逻辑最为通

顺：控制经济增长速度是决策者调整利率的目的，借贷成本更高是调整利率之后的结果。

句子结构：Hoping to…, …policymakers raised the interest rates, making…

Hoping位于句首，修饰主语policymakers，making现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴

随状语表结果。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 动词形式（Verb Form）、简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) 现在分词位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语要求一致

2) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义

3) 非“必要”的情况下，一般不要使用被动语态；被动语态在GMAT当中多被认为awkward

补充说明

不考虑逻辑主语的问题，我们可以体会一下本题的正确选项E是如何处理hope to…、raise interest

rates、make it more expensive这几个动词的关系的。我们不难发现，只有在E选项中，句子的逻辑

流最为通常：控制经济增长速度是决策者调整利率的目的，为了达到目的决策者调整了利息，调整利

息这一行为导致了借贷成本更高这一结果。看其他选项，我们虽然不能说在这几个动词的应用上一定

错，但是从逻辑流的角度来说，都不如E通顺。GMAT改错题中，当出现连续的动作时，这些动词在

句中出现的排列顺序都是有讲究的：可以按照时间先后、动作完成先后、因果联系等多种顺序排列，

但决不是随意的。GMAT语法的“优美”之处，也正在于此。

113. (30329-!-item-!-188;#058&005247)

During the last interglacial period, the climate on the Earth was warmer than it is today, and the

consequent melting of the polar ice caps caused the sea level to raise about 60 feet over and above

what its height presently is now.

(A) sea level to raise about 60 feet over and above what its height presently is now

(B) sea level to be raised over its height presently about 60 feet

(D) level of the seas to rise over and above its present height about 60 feet

(E) level of the seas to be raised over their height, now about 60 feet

A. raise使用错误，应为rise；presently和now语义重复；over and above… 罗嗦，直接用rise about

60 feet above… 即可

B. to be raised使用被动没有必要；将原形容词present变成副词presently，被修饰的对象随即发生

改变：present原用来形容height，而presently用来形容动词raised，句子意思发生严重改变――

极地冰层融化导致海平面在最近升高了60英尺。

C. 正确。

D. Level of the seas罗嗦；over and above…罗嗦，直接用rise about 60 feet above… 即可

E. to be raised使用被动没有必要；their为复数，因而只能强制指代seas，seas height为含义不合

理的搭配；句子要表达的意思为间冰川时期的海平面高度比现在海平面高度“高出”60英尺，而不

是说现在海平面高度“是”60英尺，该选项完全改变了句子意思

句子结构：…, the climate… was warmer…, and the melting of… caused…

during位于句首作主句the climate on the Earth was warmer的时间状语，and连接并列句，该并列句

原主句构成因果关系。The+动名次，将动作含义的动名次名词话了，melting本身强调的是动作的概

念，而the melting则强将名词概念。cause somebody/something to do something为固定搭配。

有效用词（Diction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) raise表示抬高、提高，或者种植、繁育，为及物动词。因此，raise后面应加宾语：raise something，

或者使用被动语态：He was raised in the U.S. 而rise为不及物动词，表示上升。

2) 非“必要”的情况下，一般不要使用被动语态，被动语态在GMAT当中多被认为awkward，主动语态

绝大多数情况下优于被动语态

3) 考生要注意选项当中出现的语义重复的情况，如本题中的present和now

4) 当形容词、副词词性在不同的选项中转变时，考生要额外注意使用形容词或者副词带来的句子意

思的变化。

补充说明

[1] Level of the seas并非错误的结构，但从GMAT用词造句简洁的角度考虑，sea level明显优于level

of the seas

[2] 在两种情况中考生应该额外注意修饰关系的变化：

 修饰成分的位置发生改变时，读者可参考本书P1-139题；

 修饰成分的词性发生改变时，如本题

这两种情况很容易引起句子逻辑含义的变化，有些变化是可以接受的，但是绝大多数的变化都会

导致逻辑含义的不合理。在实际考试的紧张气氛下，考生往往难以区分这些细小的变化对题目造成的

影响，因此，考生在平时训练时更应该着力体会这一点，这样才能培养对该考点的警觉性。

114. (30375-!-item-!-188;#058&005280)

While Hans Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars have

long been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who was

fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the rational tradition of

Northern Europe.

(A) been recognizing him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who

(B) been recognizing him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he

(D) recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and he

(E) recognized him for being a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist and who

A. As介宾短语后两个and出现，错误

B. For being a draftsman用法错误，应用as；and he was fundamental…使该句的主句出现两套完

整的主谓，构成run-on错误

C. 正确。

D. 同B选项，and he was… 构成run-on错误

E. For being a draftsman用法错误，应用as，and who…中的and多余。

句子结构：While…, scholars have long recognized him as…

While引起的从句可译为“尽管”，表转折，as引导的介宾结构作主句谓语recognized的宾语补足语，其

中as A and B，A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。

动词形式（Verb Form）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 习惯用语（Idiom）, 句子结构（Grammatical

Construction）

1) have recognized vs. have been recognizing过去完成时态与过去完成进行时态。

2) as引导的介宾结构，as A and B，A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。原句中as结构后面出现了两个

连词and，一定是错误的。此处关于who从句的处理可以有两种方式：1）

将who理解为与draftsman、artist平行

在这种情况下as介宾短语的并列形式为：as a superb draftsman, a remarkable versatile

artist, and who was….

将who从句理解成artist的定语从句

此情况下，第二个and必须去掉，介宾结构变为：as a draftsman and an artist who was….

3) recognize somebody as somebody/something

4) 在一个单句当中，只能出现一套主谓结构。句子主语可以是多个人或物、谓语也可以是并列的多

个动词，比如: A, B and C are singing. 或者People come and go. 但是不能出现多套主谓关系，

如: A sang and B danced. 当多套主谓在同一句子中出现时，需要适当的标点符号将其隔开，如：

A sang; B danced. 或者 A sang, and B danced.这样才是正确的句子。

115. (30421-!-item-!-188;#058&005366)

Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for

throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when Europeans saw

Dharug-speaking men tossing "bumariny" in the area later known as Sydney.

(A) Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for

throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788,

(B) Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for

throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians ever since 1788,

made for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from

(D) Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been

called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from

(E) Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing

boomerangs ever since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from

A. 正确，该句多处出现数的概念：their、any/all、object/objects、boomerang/boomerangs等。

B. Their与any object、has been called单复数不一致

C. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密

D. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密

E. From when用法错误；when与其修饰对象1788关系不紧密

句子结构：…, … objects… have been called boomerangs…

Regardless of something表示不受…的影响，位于句首修饰句子主语。句子采用被动语态避免主动语

态下的头重脚轻的状况，since 1788位于完成时态之后。When紧跟在其修饰对象1788之后，修饰关

系紧密。

主谓一致（Agreement）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) 主谓一致、单复数一致。考生需要注意在长句中，数的概念要始终保持一致。

2) GMAT要求修饰成分与被修饰对象在位置上紧密相邻、指代清晰。在该题中，只有A、B选项的时

间定语从句when Europeans saw… 紧跟在被修饰的先行词――时间1788年之后。CDE选项中的

when从句与其修饰对象被大量其他成分隔开，距离很远，修饰不紧密。

补充说明

Regardless of something，词典的解释为：without being affected or influenced by something

被动语态

此题的正确选项使用了被动语态。本书已经花了很多笔墨强调一般情况下被动语态都不是正确选

项。因此，在本题中，分别以A、C为例，我们可以分析一下在该题中为何被动语态优于主动语态，

以加深读者对主动、被动的认识。

A选项中，regardless of their form or function位于句首，准确的修饰了句子主语objects made for

throwing，their也无疑义地指向了主语objects，boomerangs作called的宾语非常清晰，when紧跟在

其指代的先行词1788之后，动宾关系、修饰关系紧密。如果改为主动语态，则为：non-Australians have

called【all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing】boomerangs. 括号内为

called的宾语，boomerangs为宾补，头重脚轻。此外，regardless of的被修饰对象objects被埋在句子

中间，修饰不如A选项那么紧密、直接。所以，相比之下，A选项用被动语态，在该题中为更好的选

择。

实际上在该题中，我们不需要理解被动的用法也可以做对该题。之所以在此处分析被动语态的问

题，是希望考生能够对GMAT改错部分的核心标准“准确、清晰、简洁”有更深层次的认识。

116. (30709-!-item-!-188;#058&005763)

George Washington Carver dedicated his life to the economic strengthening of the South with

improvement of soil and diversification of crops.

(A) the economic strengthening of the South with improvement of soil and diversification of crops

(B) strengthening the economy in the South with soil improvement and the diversification of crops

(D) the strengthening of the economy of the South through improving soil and crop diversifying

(E) the economic strengthening in the South with improving soil and diversifying crops

A. With应该为through

B. With应该为through；soil improvement和diversification of crops结构不平行；in the South与of the

South表达的含义不同。

C. 正确。

D. Improving soil和crop diversifying不平行，前者为动宾词组（动词性质），后者为名词性质

E. With应该为through；in the South与of the South表达的含义不同。

句子结构：George dedicated his life to (doing) something through A and B.

其中，A和B为结构对称、含义平行的短语结构。

平行对称（Parallelism）, 有效用词（Diction）

1) through A and B, A/B要求形式平行、内容对称。做到了这一平行的选项包括A – improvement of

soil and diversification of crops，采用了两个of介词短语、C选项 – soil improvement and crop

diversification、以及E选项 – improving soil and diversifying crops，采用两个动名词化的动宾结

构

2) dedicate something to/for something, 此处的to为介词，接名词、动名词、或名词性词组

3) 表示通过某种方式、通过做某事达到某种效果时，多用介词through，with表达的意思不同。

比较说明

此题的dedicate his life to the economic strengthening, to strengthening the economy, 以及to the

strengthening of the economy在语法上均没有绝对的错误，都是可以接受的表达方式。只是相比较就

GMAT“准确、清晰、简洁”这一原则而言，使用能够表示动作含义的to strengthening the economy更

加符合GMAT一贯的精准原则，也就是考生熟知的“动词优于名词”原则。

117. (30755-!-item-!-188;#058&005865)

Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest

known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one

in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).

(A) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the

oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a

similar one in Beijing, it is

(B) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest

known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar

one in Beijing and is

581-618) and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000

years older than a similar one in Beijing and

(D) The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618)

and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older

than a similar one in Beijing and is

(E) The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older

than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui

dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is

A. Run-on sentence：无连词、逗号连接两个独立的句子――the Altar of Heaven is…以及it is…；

more than 1,000 years older与其修饰对象the Altar位置关系不紧密

B. 正确，constructed…正确修饰主语 the Altar of Heaven，同位语the oldest known altar对主语起

进一步修饰作用；is more than 1,000 years older与is the only alter平行对称

C. Having been constructed用法错误；having been constructed… and the oldest known altar…，

前后连接的部分不平行

D. 句子成分残缺，缺谓语is

E. 句子成分残缺，只有主语，缺少谓语。

句子结构：The Altar of Heaven is ... and is….为句子主结构。

Constructed…正确修饰主语 the Altar of Heaven，同位语the oldest known altar紧跟在主语后面，用

一对逗号将其与句子主成分隔开，对主语起进一步修饰作用；is more than 1,000 years older与is the

only alter平行对称

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) 句子主谓要求完整，不能无连词出现两套主谓，暂不累述

2) GMAT要求修饰成分与被修饰对象在位置上紧密相邻、指代清晰

118. (30801-!-item-!-188;#058&005879)

Scientists have found new evidence of people initially registering emotions like sadness or anger in

much the same way as heartburn--by monitoring what's going on within their bodies.

(A) of people initially registering emotions like sadness or anger in much the same way as

(B) of people initially registering emotions such as sadness or anger much the same as

experiencing

experience

(D) that a person initially registers emotions such as sadness or anger much the same way as

experiencing

(E) that a person initially registers emotions like sadness or anger much the same as

A. Like使用错误，应为such as；evidence of的用法不如evidence that….

B. much the same as为形容词成分，在该句中只能修饰紧跟在其前面的anger，与句子原意不同――

原句为in the same way as…做状语，修饰动词register；evidence of的用法不如evidence that….

C. 正确。

D. A person registers与未划线部分their数不一致；much the same as错误。

E. A person registers与未划线部分their数不一致；like使用错误，应为such as；much the same as

错误。

句子结构：Scientists have found new evidence that…. 句子划线部分设在evidence的同位语从句当

中，该从句为比较句，将两种方式进行对比，采用了in the same way as引起比较。

指代一致（Agreement）, 有效用词（Diction）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 比较

（Comparison）

1) 注意未划线部分名词单复数的提示，使划线部分与其一致。

2) like作介词表示“与…相似”，like在GMAT语法中不能起到举例的作用，需使用such as

3) 在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句是比较好的结构。从句可

以很清楚的说明现象、理论的内容，避免大量的介词、代词，使句子简单清晰

4) 此句正确选项用in much the same way as 连接前后两个句子，比较register和experience两个动

作的方式，实际可以理解成为前后两句主谓的比较。而比较对象对等，在这里为句子与句子比较；

结构对称在这里为主谓搭配people register与主谓搭配they experience对称

119. (30847-!-item-!-188;#058&005883)

After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in core

samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able to

reconstruct the history of precipitation in tropical South America over the past 25,000 years.

(A) the types of fossilized algae present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in

the Andes, a group of scientists was able

(B) the types of fossilized algae that are present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake

Titicaca in the Andes, it was possible for a group of scientists

Lake Titicaca in the Andes, that made it possible for a group of scientists

(D) what types of fossilized algae had been present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake

Titicaca in the Andes, it was possible for a group of scientists

(E) what the types of fossilized algae were that were present in core samples taken from the bottom

of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able

A. 正确。

B. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语。

C. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语；过去完成时态使用错误。

D. Determining要求a group of scientists为句子主语；what从句与 the levels of…不平行。

E. what从句与 the levels of…不平行；were that were present in core samples笨拙且结构不清晰。

句子结构：After determining A and B, a group of scientists was able to….

该句中，A and B要求平行对称：A为the levels of …，因此，B应该为the types of …。

由于现在分词位于句首其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语一致，因此，句子主语只能是a group of

scientists。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 平行对称（Parallelism）, 动词形式（Verb Form）

1) 现在分词位于句首作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语。

2) the levels of… 需与 the types of… 平行对称

3) 过去完成时的使用首先要有明确的时间点进行提示，第二要合理的体现出“已经完成”的含义

补充说明

请读者注意本题的主谓搭配：a group of scientists was able to…. 集合名词做主语，包括team、group

等，谓语用单数。

120. (30893-!-item-!-188;#058&005903)

Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary turtle

species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.

(A) their horny jaws function for teeth

(B) its horny jaws function for teeth

(D) the horny jaws function as teeth do

(E) the horny jaws function as teeth

A. Their与未划线部分the turtle has been的数不一致

B. function习语使用错误

C. function习语使用错误

D. function习语使用错误

E. 正确。

句子结构：Although…, …edges of… function as teeth.

本句为一比较简单的由although引起表示转折让步从句的主从复合句。主要考点在于function的习惯

用法。

主谓一致（Agreement）, 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 注意未划线部分名词单复数的提示，使划线部分与其一致。

2) function as something为正确的习语

121. (30939-!-item-!-188;#058&005937)

Changes in the composition of the light of a supernova--an exploding star--reveals not only the

chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed of expanding the outer layers of stellar gas.

(A) reveals not only the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed of expanding the

outer layers of stellar gas

(B) reveals not only what chemical elements are in the explosion but also the speed at which the

outer layers of stellar gas are expanding

outer layers of stellar gas

(D) not only reveal what chemical elements are in the explosion but also the speed of the outer

layers of stellar gas when they are expanding

(E) reveal not only the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed at which the outer

layers of stellar gas are expanding

A. 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式reveal；expanding the outer layers为主动含义的短语，句子

没有提供expanding这一动词含义词汇的逻辑主语，所以此处的用法不合适。

B. 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式reveal；what从句和the speed名词成分不平行。

C. Not only… but also连接对象不平行；the speed of the expanding outer layers of stellar gas的核

心成分是：the speed of layers，由此可以看出，这个词组本身在含义上是不合理的――扩散这

一动作有速度，所以the speed of the expanding是合理的词组，而大气层这一名词不存在速度。

D. Not only… but also连接对象不平行；what从句和the speed名词成分不平行；the speed of the

outer layers of… 的逻辑语义存在问题，同C选项的分析。

E. 正确，the chemical elements和the speed名词结构对称。

句子结构：Changes reveal not only x but also y.为句子主结构。

其中x、y结构平行，含义对称的两个名词成分：the chemical elements 和 the speed.

主谓一致（Agreement）, 平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 主语changes要求谓语为复数形式

2) not only x but also y结构中，x、y要求结构平行，含义对称

补充说明：

[1] 题目最主要的考点是平行和主谓一致，掌握这两个考点足以解题

[2] 该题在the speed一处存在不少值得考生仔细体会之处

[3] 此处破折号的用法，同本书P2－91题

122. (30985-!-item-!-188;#058&005940)

The features of the floor of the Kasei Valles on Mars look just like those at the base of Antarctic ice

streams, so it suggests that possibly it was flowing ice that carved the giant Martian channels

previously attributed to cataclysmic floods.

(A) so it suggests that possibly it was flowing ice that

(B) a suggestion that flowing ice may have

(D) suggesting that flowing ice may have

(E) which is suggestive of flowing ice having possibly

A. it没有指代对象

B. a suggestion不能概括前句话的含义

C. 不定式使用错误

D. 正确。

E. Which没有指代对象；形容词be suggestive不及动词有效。

句子结构：The features of … look just like those (指代features) at…, suggesting….

前半句描述一个发现或者事实，后半句可以使用伴随状语、同位语等用法，说明该发现或事实的影响、

意义。此句使用的为伴随状语，如果要使用同位语，则为，The features of … look just like those (指

代features) at…, a finding/phenomenon/fact that suggests….

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1. it、which在GMAT中均要求有具体的指代对象，不可以指代整个全句表达的意思

2. 该题涉及了3种语法结构。第一种结构，如选项B，用抽象性名词充当同位语概括前句内容，再

接定语从句修饰同位语、进一步进行具体描述，是GMAT中常出现的句型。使用这种句型，要求

抽象性名词既可以概括前句内容，又可以充当从句的修饰对象。题目前半句描述的是一个事实，

可以用finding/phenomenon/fact等词来概括，但用suggestion概括，语义不恰当。第二种结构，

如C选项，不定式位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开――这种结构是一种错误的结构。不定式在

GMAT中表示两层含义：1）表示目的，要求有合理的逻辑主语，2）表将来。此处不定式的应用

不符合以上情况。第三种结构，如D选项，现在分词位于句尾，使用逗号与前句隔开，作伴随状

语。

补充说明

此题部分考生容易错选B选项，认为同位语概括前句这种结构是GMAT优选结构。需要说明的是，这

种结构确实是GMAT的常考内容，也常出现在正确选项当中，但考生不可掉入“凡出现同位语概括前

句结构比为正确选项”的思维定式。一定要阅读和比较其他选项，判断选项语义是否通顺、合理。

123. (31031-!-item-!-188;#058&005972)

Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he

became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins

University.

(A) who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became

(B) having had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds to become

(D) who, having had no formal medical training and struggled against overwhelming odds, became

(E) who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds to become

A. 出现Vivien Thomas和he两个重复的主语

B. 句子没有谓语

C. Who从句内部没有完整的结构，主句出现Vivien Thomas和he两个重复的主语

D. Who成为了became的主语，主句除了主语，其他什么都没有，句子成分不完整

E. 正确。

句子结构：Vivien Thomas, who…, struggled against overwhelming odds to become … and

eventually to receive….

Who引导从句修饰主语Vivien Thomas，struggled作谓语动词，定语从句表示谓语struggled的目的/

结果，to become and eventually to receive平行。

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

该题只有一个考点，就是句子的基本结构。

124. (31077-!-item-!-188;#058&006010) [与92题相同，略]

Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be picked

when they are fully ripe, and they remain at peak flavor for only four or five days after that.

(A) Strawberries, unlike picking bananas that are green and can be ripened artificially, must be

picked

(B) Picking strawberries, unlike picking green bananas that can be ripened artificially, must be done

(D) Unlike with green bananas, which can be picked and ripened artificially, strawberry picking must

be done

(E) Unlike picking bananas, strawberries cannot be picked green and ripened artificially, but must

be picked

125. (31123-!-item-!-188;#058&006046)

Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton, Abu Ali

al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light

and vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on

experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.

(A) al-Haytham, who was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., had experimented extensively with light and

vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and also the notion of science being based on

experiment as well as

(B) al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision, laying the

foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on experiment as well

thereby laid the foundation for modern optics and also for the notion that science should be based

on not only experiment but also

(D) al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E. and had experimented extensively with light and vision,

laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on not only

experiment but also

(E) al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimenting extensively with light and vision and

laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion of science being based on experiment as

well as

A. 过去完成时态had experimented使用错误；the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确。

B. 正确。

C. 句子没有谓语；thereby是副词，不能连接句子；who experimented, thereby laid中间缺连词；

not only…but also与介词搭配的用法错误。可以是on not only x but also y, 或者not only on x but

also on y。

D. 过去完成时态had experimented使用错误；not only…but also与介词搭配的用法错误

E. 改变了句子的重心，主句变成：Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham was born in Iraq in 965 C.E.. 原

句的实义谓语动词成为辅助性的修饰成分。the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确。

句子结构：…, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, …, experimented extensively with light and vision,

laying…

Ranked among… 修饰句子主语，laying the foundation作分词状语表结果。正确的句子中，the

foundation for modern optics and for the notion平行对称，be based on experiment as well as on

arguments平行对称。

动词形式（Verb Form）, 平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 过去完成时表示的是过去的过去，需要有明确的时间提示，表明该动作是在过去的某个时点或者

过去的某个动作之前完成的

2) laid the foundation for x and for y，x、y要求平行；science should be based on xx as well as on

yy，xx和yy也要求平行。第二个介词for/on在这样的复杂句中，为了保证比较的清晰、比较对象的

明确，一般情况下不要省略

补充说明

the notion of的用法不如the notion that的用法精确，同样的用法还有a finding of…和a finding that…

在表示发现、理论、现象等等的内容时，用that引导宾语的同位语从句可以认为是正确选项的标志。

126. (31217-!-item-!-188;#058&006093)

Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution

personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from 1765 to

1789, a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make her one of the most valuable

historians of the era.

(A) a vantage point combining with her talent for writing to make

(B) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made

(D) and this vantage point, which combined with her talent for writing to make

(E) and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made

A. to make表将来含义，而句子描述的是过去已经确定的事实，时态含义不符；combining应该

为combined

B. When从句在此句中使用错误，when引起的从句可以作为定语从句或者状语从句。作定语从

句时，要求先行词是表示时间的词或词组；作状语从句要求有动作作为合理的修饰对象。

when…应该置于that之后。

C. and it made在语法上与主句并列，不符合逻辑。

D. and后部分句子结构不完整，缺少谓语。

E. 正确

句子结构：Because…, Mercy Otis Warren was at or near…, and this vantage point, …, made…

该句划线部分以前描述了一个客观事实，这个事实在句中能被a vantage point概括，所以该句划线部

分用同位语加从句 a vantage point that…，是很好的结构，进一步对the vantage point进行解释说明。

而this vantage point同样起到了概括前句事实的效果，用连词and连接两个句子。

补充说明

1) this单独不能指代，但是this/that+名词这种指代方式，也是正确的。类似的用法读者可以参考本

书P2-82题中this person的用法。

2) Vantage point也作vantage，表示：a good position from which you can see something

From my vantage point on the hill, I could see the whole procession.

本题读者比较快应该可以排除BCD三个选项，在剩下两个选项进行比较时，应该仔细考虑它们之

间的差别。如本题AE选项之间的比较，读者应考虑：

a vantage point，是主动发出combining这个动作，还是被combined？

这个vantage point，是“将要”to make, 使得她成为重要的历史人物；还有这个句子陈述历史事实，

这个vantage point在过去已经使得made她成为了重要的历史人物？

通过这两点考虑，我们并不难选出正确答案E。考生一定不可看到a vantage point that…这种结

构，就不假思索的认为这种结构就一定是正确的。实际上，在本书中，出现了类似a vantage point

that…这种同位语结构，但是这种结构并不是正确答案的情况，已经不是第一次出现了。

127. (31359-!-item-!-188;#058&006263)

The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone National

Park's grizzly bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as 40,000 per bear in a single day.

(A) bears; they overturn rocks to find them, as many as

(B) bears; overturning rocks to find the insects, up to

(D) bears, and they overturn rocks to find them, up to

(E) bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as

A. they和them同时指代复数的bears，句子逻辑含义不合理

B. 分号之后的部分为分词结构，不能构成完整的句子

C. them指代bears，句子逻辑含义不合理

D. they和them同时指代复数的bears，句子逻辑含义不合理

E. 正确

句子结构：The army cutworm moth is… bears, which…

如果采用分号（;），分号前后的两个分句都应该是独立完整的句子。如果句子不采用分号，则需要

使用连词连接句子、或构成主从复合句形式、或划线部分为非句子结构。本句可以有多种构造方法，

但在本题的五个选项当中，由于指代错误等原因，只有E选项采用which引起从句的形式是正确的。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) 句子划线部分之前出现了两个名词，单数的moth和复数的bears。划线部分要表达bears翻石

头找moths的意思，要正确的指代清楚这两个事物

2) 划线部分不管是采用分号还是构造从句，都要求句子成分完整

128. (31405-!-item-!-188;#058&006278)

A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any new drug

that they intend to be used both by adults and children must undergo pediatric study and that its

manufacturers list children's doses on the label.

(A) drug that they intend to be used both by adults and children must

(B) drug whose intended use is for adults and children as well

(D) drug, if they intend that it be used by adults and also children, must

(E) drug, if intended for use both by adults and children, must

A. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，GMAT中mandate/order/suggest that somebody

do something的结构，do要求使用原型，且动词do前面不加should、must等助动词和情态动词；

both… and连接对象不平行。

B. Whose use is for…表达笨拙；as well的语义与and不同，drugs for adults and children as well，

词组的重心和表达含义的重点在于药物适用于成人，同样适于儿童只是一个补充信息，而句子原

意要表达的是同样适用于成人和儿童的药。

C. 正确

D. They没有指代对象；must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and also搭配错误。

E. must和mandate词义重复，同A选项解释；both…and连接对象不平行。

句子结构：A… rule mandates that…. 句子划线部分为mandates的宾语从句。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) the drug intended for…即可表达句子意思。AD选项采用从句，they没有指代对象

2) be intended for somebody/something为正确的习语，表示书、电影、药品等专为...而设计或制造。

补充说明

[1] be intended for something/somebody 字典解释为：to be provided or designed for a particular

purpose or person

 The book is intended for children aged 5-7.

 The movie is intended for adults.

[2] intended to do something的意思为计划、打算做某事

[3] as well与and含义的差别，读者可以参考本书P2-57题的解释

129. (31451-!-item-!-188;#058&006301)

Turtles, as with other reptiles, can endure long fasts because they can survive on weekly or even

monthly feedings; however, when food is readily available, they may eat frequently and grow very

fat.

(A) as with other reptiles

(B) as other reptiles are able to

(D) like other reptiles

(E) like other reptiles are able to do

A. as with用法错误

B. are able to与can endure不一致

C. do不能指代can

D. 正确

E. Like作介词，不能连句子

句子结构：Turtles, …, can endure…; however, when…, they may eat… and grow…

习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 在表示“相似”的含义时，like是介词，后面接名词或名词性词组，修饰主语；as是连词，后面接句

子，作方式状语修饰谓语。

130. (31689-!-item-!-188;#058&006499)

The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank's funding by

$75 billion, though some United States legislators cite an obstacle to congressional passage being

the concern that the bank's loans will help foreign producers compete with American businesses.

(A) an obstacle to congressional passage being the concern

(B) a concern as an obstacle to congressional passage

(D) the concern, an obstacle to congressional passage,

(E) as an obstacle for Congress to pass it the concern

A. 该选项的正常语序为：cite the concern being an obstacle…, cite的用法不符合习语

B. 划线部分之后的that从句与其逻辑合理的修饰对象concern被隔开，造成that修饰passage的假象，

使句子逻辑不通

C. 正确

D. 改变句子意思，an obstacle成为了the concern的同位语，句子变成cite the concern，原句cite the

concern as something的含义丢失

E. it指代对象不清晰；obstacle应搭配to

句子结构：The… governments of… are expected to…, though…

本句为表转折的主从复合句。though引导的从句中，使用了cite A as B的倒装句型cite as B A, 其中A

为the concern，B为an obstacle to congressional passage。之所以这样倒装，是因为，the concern

后面还带有同位语that从句，进一步描述concern的内容，如果按原cite A as B结构，则会严重的产生

的头重脚轻的状况。从解题的角度上来说，划线部分之后出现that从句，提示我们划线处应以the

concern结尾，使用到装结构。

习惯用语（Idiom）

1) cite something as something为正确的习语表达

2) obstacle的习语搭配为：obstacle to

131. (31735-!-item-!-188;#058&006516)

Today's technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any

time in their production history.

(A) small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their

(B) small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their

(D) more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their

(E) more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in

A. 句子意思不合理：表时间的副词结构now和at any time in their production history比较，现代科技

能使小车在现在比在过去省油。语义存在逻辑错误

B. 句子意思不合理：they精确指代前文提到的车，此句句子意思同A，故语义存在逻辑错误

C. 正确，该题目句子合理的意思应该是，现在造出的车，比汽车生产史上其他任何时候造出来的车

要更省油。比如说，2005年造出来的车子比2004年造出来的车子省油。而不是某一既定的车子

在现在比在过去省油，打个比方说，不应该是某辆车子A在2005年比在它在2004年省油。在构造

这个句子时，我们一定要注意这一点，避免形成类似的歧义/逻辑错误。避免这种错误的方法在

于，保证句子是名词或代词cars/those之间的比较，而不是表时间的副词或介宾短语的比较。small

cars that are more fuel-efficient than…这种定语从句结构是没有歧义的。

D. to make more fuel efficient small cars有歧义

E. to make more fuel-efficient small cars歧义

句子结构：Today’s technology allows … to…

本句是一个比较纯粹的考比较的句子，句子结构本身不复杂。

比较（Comparison）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 比较句要求比较对象对等，逻辑含义合理，且句子没有歧义。

2) 形容词、副词位置的改变，也可能产生修饰歧义。不少考生会认为采用that are的定语从句属于

wordy的用法，应该改成相应的形容词＋名词的结构。如，cars that are small就很罗嗦，应该改

成small cars。这一原则本身是正确的，但是在该题中，如果采用该原理，将句子改成D/E选项的

形式：more fuel-efficient small cars，则可能产生歧义。这个词组可能有下面两种意思：

 more【fuel-efficient small】cars：词组的核心意思是更多的车，而这些车是经济省油的

 【more fuel-efficient】small cars：更经济省油的小车

132. (31781-!-item-!-188;#058&006523)

A study published in the British Medical Journal showed that women who ate nuts more than five

times a week were about one third less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease as those who

ate no nuts at all.

(A) as those who ate

(B) as women who ate

(D) than women eating

(E) than were those who ate

A. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as

B. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as

C. less likely为比较级，要求接than，而不能使用as

D. 句子目的将women who ate lots of nuts和 women who ate no nuts at all比较，该选项中，由于

缺少系动词were，构成 less likely to suffer from A than B，宾语AB之间比较的歧义

E. 正确，比较句句式结构平行对称。

句子结构：A study showed that….为句子主结构。

Show的宾语从句的主结构为：women who… were about one third less likely to suffer than….

习惯用语（Idiom）, 比较（Comparison）, 平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 比较正确的用法包括比较级＋than以及as…as，但两者不能混用。

2) 主谓宾成分具全的比较句，有两种情况：1）宾语的比较；2）主语的比较。在GMAT考试当中，

如果遇到主语比较的情况，一般要求第二个句子补出系动词或助动词，以避免歧义。

如：I eat apple faster than you do. 该句为主语之间的比较，句子中的do是不可以省略的。因为

如果去掉do，则形成宾语比较句，apple和you进行比较，产生我吃苹果比吃你快的逻辑错误。

但是在只有主谓，没有宾语的句子中，由于没有宾语，所以不会产生上述歧义，所以不需要补充

系动词/助动词。如：I earn more than you.不需要补充do。如果补充了do，反而会构成罗嗦的错

误。

1. 在GMAT中，平行对称是一个重要的考点。在此题中，只有E选项做到了比较句中的句式结构平

行：Women who… were one third less likely to suffer from X disease than were those (指代

women) who…. 两个women who… were句式结构平行对称。Than后面的分句采用倒装形式，

将were提前，避免头重脚轻的状况。

补充说明

[1] 关于比较句中系动词、助动词补出以及相应的歧义的问题，考生可以参考OG10-19，OG10-46,

OG10-80

[2] 如果考生不熟悉主语比较和宾语比较的区别，在该题中，也可以通过平行对称的原则解题

133. (31827-!-item-!-188;#058&006534)

A recently published report indicates that the salaries of teachers continue to lag far behind other

college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less at the

start of their careers and almost $24,000 less a year by the time they reach the age of 50.

(A) other college-educated professionals, because they make an average of nearly $8,000 a year

less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less

(B) other college-educated professionals, by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the start of their

careers, to almost $24,000

less at the start of their careers and almost $24,000 less

(D) those of other college-educated professionals--by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the

start of their careers to almost $24,000 less

(E) those of other college-educated professionals--by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the

start of their careers, and by almost $24,000

A. professionals与salaries比较，比较对象不对等；划线部分前后句不能构成因果关系，使用because

不恰当；because they(指代the salaries) make an average of nearly $8,000 a year less表达本

身笨拙。

B. professionals与salaries比较，比较对象不对等

C. What从句表达的意思不精确，what可以包括除薪酬以外的其他报酬，和salaries并非严格对等；

what professionals are paid使用被动；making $8,000 less表意笨拙。

D. Those指代salaries，该选项比较对象对等；lag far behind by…符合英语语言习惯，是很好的用

法；to一词体现出了差距拉大的这种趋势，这些都是该句的优点。但是，句子：A’s salaries lag far

behind B’s salaries by almost $24,000 less. Less与lag behind语义重复

E. 正确，Those指代salaries，该选项比较对象对等；lag far behind by…符合英语语言习惯；lag far

behind by sum-A at the start, and by sum-B by the time…平行对称。

句子结构：A recently published report indicates that….为句子主结构。

本题划线部分设置在indicates的宾语从句当中，为一比较结构。

比较（Comparison）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 比较句中，比较对象要对等。

2) 老师的薪酬原低于其他高校教育职业者的薪酬，与薪酬差距具体是多少，逻辑上不构成因果关系。

因此，不能使用because连接句子，可采用介词by表示具体的差距。

补充说明

判断What从句充当比较对象之一是否正确，我们需要判断what指代的对象有没有把比较的范围扩大

化。比如在此题中，由于what professionals are paid的内容可以包括除薪酬以外的其他报酬，所以

what把比较对象扩大了，故不正确。类似题目可参考本书的P1-50：what boys experience的范围远

远大于the patterns of stress，故P1-50题的B选项不正确。

134. (31873-!-item-!-188;#058&006542)

If a drug that is already on the market has the potential to help adults and children who have the

same disease, or if it is widely used in children and the absence of labeling seems dangerous, the

FDA can require that the drug undergo pediatric study.

(A) that the drug undergo

(B) that the drug undergoes

(D) the drug undergoing

(E) the drug to have to undergo

A. 正确

B. Require宾语从句的谓语应为动词原形

C. Require宾语从句的谓语应为动词原形

D. 不合习语表达

E. Require已经表达了have to的含义，语义重复、罗嗦

句子结构：If…, or if…, the FDA can require that….

本句为有两个if引导的条件状语从句的复合句，表明在两种情况下，FDA可以行使某种权力。考点设

置为require的习语搭配。

习惯用语（Idiom）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）

1) require的常用方法主要有：

a) require表示需要时，直接加名词做其宾语，如：

 His broken leg requires surgery.

b) 当require表示要求、命令等含义时，正确用法包括：

 require somebody/something to do something

 require that somebody/something do something，为不带should的虚拟语气，动词使用

原形。GMAT语法认为，require已经包含should的语义，出现should属于语义重复。故

require/mandate/suggest etc that somebody should do something为错误用法，一定要

去掉should

2) require与have to语义重复

补充说明

[1] FDA是Food and Drug Administration的首字母缩写

135. (31919-!-item-!-188;#058&006548)

Whereas high speeds generally cannot be achieved by ramjets without their initially being assisted

by a rocket, a scramjet, or supersonic combustion ramjet, can attain high speeds by reducing

airflow compression at the entrance of the engine and letting air pass through at supersonic

speeds.

(A) Whereas high speeds generally cannot be achieved by ramjets without their initially being

assisted by

(B) Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of

(D) Unlike with ramjets, generally unable to achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of

(E) Although a ramjet generally does not have the capability of achieving high speeds without the

initial assistance from

A. High speeds cannot be achieved by ramjets，被动语态没有必要；their being assisted by表达

笨拙

B. 正确

C. 句子主谓关系被完全破坏，谁不能获得高速？without being assisted表达笨拙

D. Unlike引起的比较对象、结构均不对等

E. Does not have the capability of…相较B选项的cannot，罗嗦；正确的习语为：with/without the

assistance of somebody/something

句子结构：Whereas a ramjet cannot achieve…, a scramjet, …, can attain…

whereas引导从句表示转折，意思与although相似。

习惯用语（Idiom）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) 在…的帮助下，正确的习语表达为：with the assistance of somebody/something

2) 当动作发出者明确时，采用主动语态一般情况下比被动语态直接、简洁、有效。因此，不是必须

的情况，GMAT语法中不采用被动语态。

3) with＋名词或名次性词组位于句首，修饰句子主语，表示主语“拥有”（possess）with的宾语。

136. (31965-!-item-!-188;#058&006588)

The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's

estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.

(A) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's

estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.

(B) The report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, surpassing Wall

Street's estimates, and they announced the first in a series of price cuts that they intend to increase

sales further.

second-quarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first

in a series of price cuts.

(D) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing the first in

a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall Street's

estimates.

(E) The computer company, surpassing Wall Street's estimates, reported strong second-quarter

earnings, while announcing that to increase sales further, there would be the first in a series of price

cuts.

A. 正确

B. 句中唯一的复数概念为earnings，they强制指代earnings，然而，这一指代关系逻辑含义不合理

C. Surpassing逻辑主语为应该为盈利，而不是report，此句surpassing修饰report，含义不合理；they

强制指代earnings，逻辑含义不合理

D. that定语从句修饰对象错误，导致句子意思改变。

E. 两个句子并列（the company reported…, there would be…没有连词），句意表达错

句子结构：The computer company reported A and announced B.

句子为两个动宾成分并列。此句更妙的地方在于，两个谓语动词实际意思相同――reported and

announced，两个动词的宾语：earnings that surpassed… and price cuts intended to…. 也结构平行

对称。

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）、指代一致（Agreement）、逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) 句子描述同一主语the computer company的两个动作，两谓语平行，宾语结构对称

2) 代词指代单复数一致的名词时，要注意其逻辑意思是否合理。

3) 现在分词结构位于句首，其逻辑主语为主句主语；定语从句修饰紧临的名词。

137. (32011-!-item-!-188;#058&006592)

Blaming its recent troubles on a widening recession and slow rate of technology spending, the

computer company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000

jobs--and expected to report a loss in its third quarter.

(A) company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000 jobs--and

expected to report a

(B) company announced that there would be a cut--10 percent of its workforce, which was more

than 2,000 jobs--and expected a reported

expected a reported

(D) company's announcement included the cutting of its workforce by 10 percent, or more than

2,000 jobs, and expecting to report a

(E) company's announcement included cutting its workforce--which is more than 2,000 jobs--and

expecting there to be a reported

A. 正确，10 percent of its workforce做为would cut的宾语，关键信息没有丢失，再用一对破折号内

的more than 2,000 jobs对10 percent of its workforce做出说明，使句子意思表达更准确。

B. There be句型与直接的主谓结构it (指代the company) would cut …相比，后者更加直接，动作的

发出者、承受者明确，符合GMAT的简洁、精准原则；此外，该选项将10 percent of its workforce

至于了一对破折号（dash, -）之间，将这一信息“掩埋”了。

C. and it expected….中的it指代前句的主语the company，实际为多余，直接使用and expected与

announced平行即可，多余的it造成了run-on错误；expected to report a loss表示“将会”损失，而

expected a reported loss含义则不同：a reported loss表明，损失是已经发生，而且已经被报告

出来，与句子原意不符

D. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误；表面结构上来

看，included包括两个宾语：the cutting of… and expecting to…。但是，the cutting为名词，而

expecting to为动名次，仍然强调其动作属性及含义，两者在含义上不能平行

E. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误；there to be罗

嗦，应舍去；该选项属于名词选项，不如A动词选项直接、准确

句子结构：Blaming…, the computer company announced that… and expected to…

Blaming…现在分词位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语相同，修饰主语the computer company。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1. 现在分词结构位于句首，逻辑主语与句子主语相同。

138. (32057-!-item-!-188;#058&006635)

A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses, hundreds of times more massive

than the lightweight black holes produced by the collapse of individual stars, but thousands or even

millions of times less in its mass as the heavyweight giants that lurk in the centers of galaxies.

(A) thousands or even millions of times less in its mass as

(B) it is thousands or even millions of times less massive as

(D) yet it is thousands or even millions times less massive than

(E) yet it is thousands or even millions of times less in its mass than

A. 比较级less要求搭配than，使用as错误，its多余

B. 比较级less要求搭配than，使用as错误，it is应去掉

C. 正确，xx

times more massive than A, but yy times less massive than B，句子平行对称

D. Yet与but语义重复，it is应去掉

E. Yet与but语义重复，it is应去掉，its多余

句子结构：A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses…

hundreds of times…部分作为宾语同位语，进一步修饰500 solar masses. Hundreds of times more

massive than…, but thousands or even millions of times less massive than….平行对称。

平行对称（Parallelism）, 比较（Comparison）

1) 该句两个宾语同位语由连词but相连，要求平行对称；第一个同位语不在划线范围内，采用了

hundreds of times more massive than…的结构，因此，位于划线部分的第二个同位语相应的应

采用but thousands or even millions of times less massive than…结构，与前一同位语平行

2) as＋形容词原形＋as，形容词比较级＋than，为两种常用的比较结构。出现比较级，一定要有than，

两者不能混淆使用

补充说明

[1] weigh in at为固定的动词习语。weigh in表示举重、摔跤等运动员比赛前过磅。weigh in at后直接

加重量。如：

 Higgins weighed in at just over 100 kilos.

139. (32103-!-item-!-188;#058&006640)

Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of them has

fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud called the taste

pore.

(A) them has fingerlike projections poking through the opening located at the top of the taste bud

called the taste pore

(B) them that have fingerlike projections that poke through an opening located at the top of the taste

bud, which they call the taste pore

top of the taste bud

(D) which having fingerlike projections that poke through an opening, which is called the taste pore,

located at the top of the taste bud

(E) which have fingerlike projections that are poking through an opening located at the top of the

taste bud called the taste pore

A. each在这里作代词，each of them是句子主语，后接谓语has…构成完整的句子，与前面的句子

之间缺少连词，不应用逗号.

B. Each of them that…结构中的that为定语从句修饰them，为附属结构――即，each of them作为

插入成分位于两个成对的逗号之间，但是没有表达任何实义；they没有符合逻辑的指代对象

C. 正确， each of which引导从句，拓展了句子意思，避免了run-on错误；此外，该选项修饰关系

明确：called 和 located均修饰fingerlike projections

D. Each of which从句没有动词，which是连接代词，后接谓语动词构成完整的句子；修饰关系混乱。

E. Each of which作从句主语，谓语应为单数has；located和called修饰opening，语义被改变

句子结构：句子划线部分前的逗号以前部分，为句子的主干。each of which（指代taste cells）引导

从句，拓展了句子的意思。正确选项C从句中，called 和 located均修饰fingerlike projections.

该句的意思大致为：味蕾（taste buds）由50到100个味觉细胞（taste cells）组成，每个味觉细胞上

都有手指状的小突起，这些小突起叫做味腺（taste pore），分布在味蕾的顶端。

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 指代一致（Agreement）

1) 若划线部分采用each of them，则不能出现谓语动词，否则句子出现多套主谓，构成run-on

sentence的错误。这种情况下可以采用独立主格结构。另外一种解决方案是用which替代them，

构成非限定性定语从句，进一步扩展句子意思

2) 该句多个从属关系、修饰关系并存，在建构句子时要保证修饰关系清晰正确

3) each作主语为单数，要求单数谓语

补充说明

此题难度较高，难点在于如何正确理解句子想要表达的意思，以及正确的修饰关系。类似考点、难点

的题目读者可以参考本书P1-57题。

140. (32197-!-item-!-188;#058&006684)

By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller

identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured

customers from other phone companies but also forced them to offer competitive prices.

(A) has not only captured customers from other phone companies but also forced them

(B) has not only captured customers from other phone companies, but it also forced them

(D) not only has captured customers from other phone companies but also these companies have

been forced

(E) not only captured customers from other phone companies, but it also has forced them

A. them指代不清，them前面有两个可被指代的复数名词：customers以及companies，并且，由于

customers为has not only captured的宾语，them为but also forced的宾语，them优先指代

customers，逻辑意思不合理。

B. a company has not only done A but also done B为正确用法，此选项逗号和it均多余；them指代

不清

C. 正确，these companies明确指代前文中的other phone companies

D. not only…but also连接对象不平行。

E. 逗号和it均多余；them指代不清；句子时态不一致

句子结构：By offering…, the… company has not only… but also…

By offering位于句首，作表方式的状语修饰本句的主谓机构。句子主句采用了固定词组not only… but

also…结构。

指代一致（Agreement）、习惯用语（Idiom）、平行对称（Parallelism）

1) 指代关系要求明确、不能产生歧义。

2) not only… but also为习语，表示同一主语发出的两个动作――不仅做了A这件事，还做了B。习

语不能拆分，主语不能发生转换。若习语的主语发生了改变，就没有必要使用“既…又…”这一句

型。习语前后连接的两部分需要平行对称。

141. (32243-!-item-!-188;#058&006686)

Lenders and building managers in the southwestern section of the city report that because of the

rental market in the area being renewed, as well as the willingness of the banks to lend money

being increased, apartment buildings are being rehabilitated at a pace unseen for a decade.

(A) of the rental market in the area being renewed, as well as the willingness of the banks to lend

money being increased

(B) of the renewed rental market in the area, as well as the willingness of banks to lend money

increasing

(D) the rental market in the area renewed and the willingness of banks to lend money increased,

therefore

(E) the rental market in the area was being renewed and banks were increasingly willing to lend

money, so

A. because of somebody/something doing something句法笨拙，应改为相应的从句结构

B. because of x, as well as y, x和y的结构不对称

C. 正确，the renewed rental market 和 the increased willingness of banks to lend money平行对

称

D. Because与therefore语义重复；renewed为及物动词，用法不正确

E. Because…, so…为错误的句式，两个连词只能连接从句，缺少主句；此选项采用被动语态的过

去进行时没有根据。

句子结构：Lenders and building managers … report that…

本句划线部分设在谓语动词report的宾语从句中。该宾语从句要求表明公寓建设复苏的原因。由于未

划线部分采用了because一词，所以，宾语从句可能的结构为：because of something, apartment

buildings are being rehabilitated. 或者because+原因状语从句, apartment buildings are being

rehabilitated.

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 简洁有效（Rhetorical Construction）, 有效用词（Diction）

1) because of somebody/something doing something在GMAT中，是一种笨拙的、错误的句法结构。

当出现这种结构时，应该改为相对应的：because somebody/something did/does something.时

态根据句子意思做出相应的改变。Because of后面只能接名词性成分。因为动名词实际为动词含

义，所以不能跟在because of之后

2) 英文中，because…和so…均为连词，连句子，两者不能同时出现，否则，句子只有被because/so

引导的两个从句，没有主句。同理，although/though…与but…也不能同时出现

3) because和therefore词义重复。

4) renew为及物动词，需要接宾语，或者用于被动形式：be/get renewed等

补充说明

And 和 as well as 在含义和用法上均有一定的区别。具体分析可参考本书P2-57题

142. (32337-!-item-!-188;#058&006899)

The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere's complex responses to changing

conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever

more accurate.

(A) The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere's complex responses to changing

conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever

more accurate.

(B) The ability of scientists has become ever more accurate in providing models of the

atmosphere's complex responses to changing conditions, such as seasonal and daily cycles or

different planetary conjunctions.

complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary

conjunctions.

(D) Scientists have become ever more accurate in their ability for providing models of the

atmosphere's complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different

planetary conjunctions.

(E) Scientists' ability to provide models of the atmosphere's complex responses to such changing

conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions have become ever more

accurate.

A. the ability为单数主语，要求谓语为has；accurate修饰ability，形容词搭配不合理。此外，like不

能用于举例，应该使用such as

B. accurate修饰ability，形容词搭配不合理

C. 正确

D. accurate修饰ability，形容词搭配不合理；like不能用于举例，应该使用such as

E. the ability为单数主语，要求谓语动词也为单数has become；accurate修饰ability，形容词搭配不

合理；like不能用于举例，应该使用such as

句子结构：Scientists have become able to provide….为主结构。

ever more accurate models作为provide的宾语。of 引起的介宾短语修饰models，responses作介词

of的宾语。to引起介宾短语又进一步修饰responses，并且用到了such as结构进行举例。

逻辑表达（Logical Predication）, 主谓一致（Agreement）, 有效用词（Diction）

1) 精确的（accurate）一词合理的修饰对象是什么？我们可以说精确的模型（models）、数据（figure）

等，但是不能说精确的能力（ability）

2) the ability为单数主语，要求谓语动词也为单数

3) like不能用于表示举例，GMAT中举例要求使用such as

143. (32383-!-item-!-188;#058&006902)

Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population of only a

few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so languages.

(A) Pacific has a population of only a few million people, it is

(B) Pacific has a population of only a few million people, they are

(D) Pacific, having a population of only a few million people, is nonetheless

(E) Pacific, populated by only a few million people, yet they are

A. 正确

B. Although引导的从句主语为单数the constellation，主句的主谓应为it is

C. 连词and多余，这样使得句子缺少主句结构

D. 句子有although引起的从句，没有主句

E. Although引起的从句没有谓语动词；连词yet多余，使句子缺少主句

句子结构：Although the constellation has…, it (= the constellation) is….

主谓一致（Agreement）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) 从句主语为单数constellation，主句主语与从句主语保持一致，所以应该使用it指代，谓语be动词

也相应的应该使用is

2) 该题目除了A、B选项句子结构完整之外，其他选项句子结构均不完整

144. (32429-!-item-!-188;#058&006970)

Meteor showers and individual streaks of light that flash across the sky every night are generated

when tiny flecks of celestial detritus, often no larger than grains of sand or of pebbles, burn up

speeding through the atmosphere.

(A) grains of sand or of pebbles, burn up speeding

(B) grains of sand or pebbles, burn up while speeding

(D) a grain of sand or pebble, which burns up as it speeds

(E) a grain of sand or a pebble, burns up when it speeds

A. grains of pebbles是错误的搭配；burn up speeding through…句法错误

B. 正确

C. When引起的状语句子结构不完整，没有谓语

D. When引起的状语句子结构不完整，没有谓语；often no larger than…修饰复数的tiny flecks of

celestial detritus，因此，使用复数形式的grains of sand or pebbles比单数的a grain of sand or

pebble更为合适

E. often no larger than…修饰复数的tiny flecks of celestial detritus，因此，使用复数形式的grains of

sand or pebbles比单数的a grain of sand or pebble更为合适；主语tiny flecks of celestial detritus

要求使用复数谓语burn up

句子结构：Meteor showers and individual streaks of… are generated when tiny flecks of… burn up

while…

本题划线部分位于句子的状语从句部分。该从句为tiny flecks of celestial detritus作主语，burn up为

谓语动词，often部分为插入语，同位修饰主语。

主谓一致（Agreement）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) often no larger than…修饰复数的tiny flecks of celestial detritus，因此，使用复数形式的grains of

sand or pebbles比单数的a grain of sand or pebble更为合适，同时，谓语动词相应的也要求是复

数的burn up，而不是单数的burns up

2) when引导的状语从句中，tiny flecks of celestial detritus作主语，burn up作谓语，often no larger

than…为插入语，不影响句子的基本语法结构

3) grains of sugar/sand/salt等为固定的搭配，类似sugar/sand/salt等细小、沙状的东西才能用 a

grain of修饰。Pebbles鹅卵石是大颗的石头，不能用a grain of形容。因此，grains of sand or

pebbles这一词组中，pebbles是和grains of平行，而不能与sand平行，作grains of的宾语

145. (32475-!-item-!-188;#058&007134)

The Kwakiutl recognized one social unit larger than the tribe--the confederacy, which was a cluster

of loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes who interacted with themselves more often than

between other tribes.

(A) tribes who interacted with themselves more often than between

(B) tribes who interacted among each other more often than among

(D) tribes, interacting among each other more often than between

(E) tribes, interacting among one another more often than with

A. With themselves和between other tribes之间不平行

B. Interact要求与with搭配

C. 正确

D. Among each other与between other tribes不平行；interact要求搭配with

E. Among one another与with other tribes不平行；interact要求搭配with

句子结构：The Kwakiutl recognized …

Which引起的从句起进一步说明the confederacy的作用。句子要表达的意思是：The confederacy这

个集合内的部落和这一集合内部落交往密切，而和这个集合之外的部落（other tribes）不那么密切。

比较（Comparison）, 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 本句为介宾比较句，其结构为：Tribes interacted with A more often than with B. 其中A为

themselves，B为other tribes. 介宾比较句中，为了使比较清晰无歧义，两个介词均不能省略，

with A和with B对称，A/B要求为对等的事物

2) interact with为正确的习语搭配

3) among后面应该接名词复数，表示多个（大于两个）事物之间，among后不能接单数概念的each

other；between表示两个事物之间，正确使用方法为between x and y，其中x、y应该结构平行，

含义对称

146. (32521-!-item-!-188;#058&007141)

The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are

now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's.

(A) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than

(B) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than

(D) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had

(E) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than

A. 正确

B. 形容numbers要使用greater than，使用more than引起歧义

C. 句子中没有复数名词，因此their没有指代对象

D. 句子中没有复数名词，因此they没有指代对象；now with引导的部分错误修饰主语the gyrfalcon；

此外，由于前句有with extinction，此处使用now with结构，容易是人产生该结构与with extinction

平行的疑惑，故不妥

E. now with引导的部分错误修饰主语the gyrfalcon；此外，由于前句有with extinction，此处使用now

with结构，容易是人产生该结构与with extinction 平行的疑惑，故不妥

句子结构：The gyrfalcon, …, has survived…; its numbers are…

本句使用分号，将句子分隔成了前后相互独立的两个分句。后句为比较句。

有效用词（Diction）, 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）

1) number表示数量是，可以用great/small等形容，表示这个数量的大或小，而不能用more/less，“多

/少”来形容。特别是此处使用了复数numbers，如果用more来形容，可以造成歧义：number这个

事物的数量变“多”了。也就是说，原来有3个numbers，现在有5个，这显然是不合逻辑的。句子

要表达的意思是，这些数量变“大”了，因此要使用greater

2) the gyrfalcon，单数名词作主语，its指代the gyrfalcon

补充说明

[1] 本题即为Official Guide第10版第251题，读者可参考OG原有解释：

A, the best choice, uses a singular pronoun, its, to refer to the singular antecedent The

gyrfalcon, and it properly uses the construction its numbers are now ... greater than. In B, the

construction its numbers are ... more is not idiomatic: there are more birds, but not more numbers.

Choices C and D use a plural pronoun, their or they, to refer to a grammatically singular antecedent,

The gyrfalcon. Choices D and E wrongly use a phrase introduced by now with to modify The

gyrfalcon. In both choices, the phrase confusingly seems to parallel with extinction; a new clause

with a present tense verb is needed to state what the gyrfalcon's numbers are now.

[2] With的含义，考生可以参考OG10-158题的解释

147. (32567-!-item-!-188;#058&007187)

Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from

an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.

(A) that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally

evolved

(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving

evolving

(D) to suggest that the elephant has descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally

evolved

(E) to suggest that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally

evolved

A. Suggest that… and that…. 第二个that不能省略，且and前面不需要逗号

B. Suggest的用法不符合习语

C. 句子使用过去完成时没有根据，with部分结构错误

D. 宾语从句平行，第二个that不能省略

E. 正确

句子结构：Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that... and that….

胚胎学家发现的证据表明了两个事实：1）大象起源于一种水生生物；2）大象的长鼻子由类似潜水者

的通气管的结构进化而来。

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 习惯用语（Idiom）, 动词形式（Verb Form）

1) 宾语从句的that不能省略，两个宾语从句平行的结构中，第二个that也不能省略。

2) suggest表示表明时，用法包括 suggest something，以及 suggest that…

 Trends in spending and investment suggest a gradual economic recovery.

 Opinion polls suggest that only 10% of the population trusts the government.

 The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers.

3) 描述客观事实和真理时，我们常用一般现在时。如果描述的客观事件发生在过去，使用一般过去

时。

补充说明

本题suggest一词，不同选项给出了三种用法。这三种suggest的用法在此句中都是可以接受的。

a) evidence that suggests/has suggested…, 以that引导限定性定语从句修饰evidence，这些

证据表明了…。但在这种结构中，现在完成时与have found时态一致，优于一般现在时的

suggests

b) evidence suggesting…. 现在分词后置修饰先行词evidence

c) have found evidence to suggest…. 不定式作状语修饰谓语结构

因此，在本题中，suggest的用法并非正确选项的判断根据，题目的主要考点仍然是宾语从句的用法。

考生只要掌握了宾语从句平行的规则，便可顺利解题。

148. (32613-!-item-!-188;#058&007195)

The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland

China or preserves the status quo, since the island nation is the United States' seventh-largest

trading partner.

(A) The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with

mainland China or preserves the status quo

(B) Whether or not Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China or preserves the

status quo affecting the United States

preserved, it will affect the United States

(D) It affects the United States whether Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with mainland

China or preserves the status quo

(E) It affects the United States whether or not Taiwan will develop a closer relationship with

mainland China or preserve the status quo

A. 正确

B. 句子缺少谓语；whether or not… or…为错误的习语

C. Whether or not… or… 为错误的习语；it没有指代对象；此外，the status quo is preserved使用

被动，不如A选项Taiwan preserves the status quo明确，丢失了动作发起者

D. 本选项采用it作为形式主语，真正的主语为whether… or…结构，这一句法结构本身没有问题，

但是句子时态错误，whether… or…连接的部分是对称的，台湾与中国大陆进一步发展往来，还

是保持现状，是同一条件下的两个选择，应该使用相同的时态

E. Whether or not… or… 为错误的习语；whether… or…连接的部分应该使用相同的时态

句子结构：The US will be affected by…, since…

本句逗号前面为主句结构，逗号后since引导原因状语从句。

习惯用语（Idiom）, 动词形式（Verb Form）

1) whether x or y为习语，是…还是…，表示两个选项之间的选择。其中x、y要求为结构平行、含义

对称。至于其具体成分，可以根据句意不同而不同：既可以是动宾结构，也可以为简单的名词成

分等等

2) 我们考虑一下这个句子：If Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China, the

United States will be affected.如果台湾同中国大陆关系发展紧密，美国就会受到影响。一件事发

生了，另一件事也将要发生：If A happens, B will happen. 与上句的逻辑相似：The United States

will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with mainland China.相应的，

合适的时态为主句将来时，whether从句一般现在时。

149. (32659-!-item-!-188;#058&007220)

The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean

environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.

(A) The global-warming effect of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean

environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used for predicting

(B) The effect on global warming of ocean white caps are one of the many aspects of the ocean

environment not yet incorporated in any detail into computer models, which they use to predict

environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to predict

(D) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the

ocean environment not yet having been incorporated in any detail into the computer models that

are used for predicting

(E) That ocean white caps have an effect on global warming is one of the many aspects of the

ocean environment not yet being incorporated in any detail into computer models, which they use to

predict

A. 单数主语effect要求句子谓语为单数is；used for predicting习语使用不正确，use后应使用不定式

to predict

B. 单数主语effect要求句子谓语为单数is；从句子含义上来说，使用模型进行预测的应该是人（科学

家等），句中的they没有合理的指代对象

C. 正确

D. That引导主语从句，句子结构为That… is one of the many aspects…. having been incorporated

结构错误，应该为对应的从句结构：that are not yet incorporated…；used for predicting习语使

用不正确，use后应使用不定式to predict

E. being incorporated为被动语态的现在分词，强调现在进行的含义，在此句中语义不通；they没有

合理的指代对象

句子结构：The effect is one of the many aspects that are not yet incorporated into the computer

models. that are修饰aspects，in any detail作状语修饰incorporated，used to predict过去分词表被动，

后置修饰the computer models

主谓一致（Agreement）, 句子结构（Grammatical Construction）, 习惯用语（Idiom）

1) 句子主语为the effect，单数主语，要求句子谓语动词为单数is

2) 过去完成时的分词结构在GMAT中是一种错误的结构。having been done不能作为后置定语修饰

先行词，应该为其对应的定语从句：that have/have been done

3) be used to do something为正确的习语，be used for doing something不正确

补充说明

that引导的定语从句修饰先行词，一般情况下that紧跟在其修饰的先行词之后。但从本题可以看出，that

也可以跳跃指代that前面名词性成分的核心词。注意定语从句的谓语单复数。

150. (32705-!-item-!-188;#058&007266)

Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are known to be

important in courtship, and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective

mates to distinguish their own species from that of others.

(A) and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish

their own species from that of

(B) and apparently this assists flies when they taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in

distinguishing their own species from those of

distinguish their own species from

(D) apparently assisting flies to taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their

own species from those of

(E) apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in distinguishing

their own species from

A. this不能用于指代前句描述的事情；assist习语搭配不正确；distinguish their own species from

that of others中，that of多余。One species and others, others即为other species，不再需要that

指代

B. this不能用于指代前句描述的事情；species为单数，复数的those没有指代对象，即使改为that，

如A选项分析，也不正确

C. which不能用于指代前句描述的事情，没有指代对象；in being able to罗嗦

D. assist习语搭配不正确；选项改变了原句的动宾关系：to taste作assist的宾语，to distinguish作

taste的宾语，完全改变了句子意思；those没有指代对象，即使改为that，也不正确

E. 正确

句子结构：Hydrocarbons are known to be important in courtship, apparently assisting….

现在分词作伴随状语。

习惯用语（Idiom）, 指代一致（Agreement）

1) assist正确的习语搭配为：assist (somebody) with/in something, assist in doing something

2) which、this不能用于指代前句描述的事情

151. (32751-!-item-!-188;#058&007276)

A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, then calcium

deposits are more likely to be in the arteries of their hearts.

(A) then calcium deposits are more likely to be

(B) then the more likely calcium deposits are

(D) the more likely they are to have calcium deposits

(E) the more likely there are to be calcium deposits

A. The more…, the more….句型使用错误

B. The more…, the more….句型使用错误

C. The more…, the more….句型使用错误

D. 正确，they指代people，they are (more likely) to have 与 people show (more hostility)均为主

谓结构，且主语一致，句型对称

E. 仅就The more…, the more….句型而言，此句没有语法问题。但是，D选项两个the more后面采

用了平行对称的两个主谓结构，更优。

句子结构：A new study finds that….为句子主结构。

That引导的宾语从句采用the more…, the more…结构。

句子结构（Grammatical Construction）

1) The more…, the more….为一个固定的句型结构，该句型的使用有三个规则：

a) 句子结构不允许更改，即一定以两个the＋形容词比较级开头

b) 当句子谓语是be动词时，be可以省略，前后两个都适用。特别是当主谓为it is时，常同时省

略，比如：The greater (it is), the better (it is).

c) 第二个the more后面的句子可以使用倒装句，但是第一个the more后不能使用倒装句