effective c++ 目录

改变旧有的c习惯（shifting from c to c++） 013
条款1：尽量以 const 和 inline 取代 #define 013
prefer const and inline to #define.
条款2：尽量以 [iostream] 取代 [stdio.h] 017
prefer [iostream] to [stdio.h].
条款3：尽量以 new 和 delete 取代 malloc() 和 free() 019
prefer new and delete to malloc and free.
条款4：尽量使用 c++ 风格的注释形式 021
prefer c++-style comments.

内存管理（memory management） 022
条款5：使用相同形式的 new 和 delete 023
use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete.
条款6：记得在 destructor 中以delete 对付 pointer members 024
use delete on pointer members in destructors.
.条款7：为内存不足的状况预做准备 025
be prepared for out-of-memory conditions.
条款8：撰写 operator new 和 operator delete 时应遵行公约 033
adhere to convention when writing operator new and operator delete.
条款9：避免遮掩了 new 的正规形式 037
avoid hiding the "normal" form of new.
条款10：如果你写了一个operator new，
请对应也写一个operator delete 039
write operator delete if you write operator new.

构造函数、析构函数和assignment 运算符 049
constructors, destructors, and assignment operators
条款11：如果classes内动态配置有内存，请为此 class 宣告
一个 copy constructor 和一个 assignment 运算符 049
declare a copy constructor and an assignment operator
for classes with dynamically allocated memory.
条款12：在 constructor 中尽量以 initialization 取代 assignment 052
prefer initialization to assignment in constructors.
条款13：initialization list 中的 members 初始化排列次序应该
和其在 class 内的声明次序相同 057
list members in an initialization list in the order
in which they are declared.
条款14：总是让 base class 拥有 virtual destructor 059
make sure base classes have virtual destructors.
条款15：令 operator= 传回"*this 的 reference" 064
have operator= return a reference to *this.
条款16：在 operator= 中为所有的 data members 赋予内容 068
assign to all data members in operator=.
条款17：在 operator= 中检查是否"自己赋值给自己" 071
check for assignment to self in operator=.

类与函数之设计和声明 077
classes and functions: design and declaration
条款18：努力让接口完满且最小化 079
strive for class interfaces that are complete and minimal.
条款19：区分member functions, non-member functions和
friend functions三者 084
differentiate among member functions, non-member functions,
and friend functions.
条款20：避免将 data members 放在公开接口中 089
avoid data members in the public interface.
条款21：尽可能使用 const 091
use const whenever possible.
条款22：尽量使用 pass-by-reference（传址），
少用 pass-by-value（传值） 098
prefer pass-by-reference to pass-by-value.
条款23：当你必须传回object 时，不要尝试传回 reference 101
don’t try to return a reference when you must return an object.
条款24：在函数重载（function overloading）和
参数缺省化（parameter defaulting）之间，谨慎抉择 106
choose carefully between function overloading
and parameter defaulting.
条款25：避免对指针型别和数值型别进行重载 109
avoid overloading on a pointer and a numerical type.
条款26：防卫潜伏的 ambiguity（模棱两可）状态 113
guard against potential ambiguity.
条款27：如果不想使用编译器暗自产生的 member functions，
就应该明白拒绝它 116
explicitly disallow use of implicitly generated member functions
you don’t want.
条款28：尝试切割 global namespace（全域命名空间） 117
partition the global namespace.

类与函数之实现 123
classes and functions: implementation
条款29：避免传回内部数据的 handles 123
avoid returning "handles" to internal data.
条款30：避免写出member function，传回一个 non-const pointer 或
reference 并以之指向较低存取层级的 members 129
avoid member functions that return non-const pointers or
references to members less accessible than themselves.
条款31：千万不要传回"函数内 local 对象的 reference"，
或是"函数内以 new 获得的指针所指的对象" 131
never return a reference to a local object or to
a dereferenced pointer initialized by new within the function.
条款32：尽可能延缓变量定义式的出现 135
postpone variable definitions as long as possible.
条款33：明智地运用 inlining 137
use inlining judiciously.
条款34：将文件之间的编译依赖关系（compilation dependencies）
降至最低 143
minimize compilation dependencies between files.

继承机制与面向对象设计 153
inheritance and object-oriented design
条款35：确定你的 public inheritance 模塑出 "isa" 的关系 154
make sure public inheritance models "isa."
条款36：区分"接口继承（interface inheritance）"和
"实现继承（implementation inheritance）" 161
differentiate between inheritance of interface and
inheritance of implementation.
条款37：绝对不要重新定义一个继承而来的非虚拟函数 169
never redefine an inherited nonvirtual function.
条款38：绝对不要重新定义一个继承而来的缺省参数值 171
never redefine an inherited default parameter value.
条款39：避免在继承体系中做 cast down（向下转型）的动作 173
avoid casts down the inheritance hierarchy.
条款40：通过 layering（分层技术）来模塑 has-a 或
is-implemented-in-terms-of 的关系 182
model "has-a" or "is-implemented-in-terms-of" through layering.
条款41：区分 inheritance 和 templates 185
differentiate between inheritance and templates.
条款42：明智地运用 private inheritance（私有继承） 189
use private inheritance judiciously.
条款43：明智地运用多继承（multiple inheritance，mi） 194
use multiple inheritance judiciously.
条款44：说出你的意思并了解你所说的每一句话 210
say what you mean; understand what you’re saying.杂项讨论（miscellany） 212
条款45：知道 c++（编译器）默默为我们完成和调用哪些函数 212
know what functions c++ silently writes and calls.
条款46：宁愿编译和连接时出错，也不要执行时才错 216
prefer compile-time and link-time errors to runtime errors. 219
ensure that non-local static objects are initialized
before they’re used.
条款48：不要对编译器的警告讯息视而不见 223
pay attention to compiler warnings.
条款49：尽量让自己熟悉 c++ 标准程序库 224
familiarize yourself with the standard library.
条款50：加强自己对 c++ 的了解 232
improve your understanding of c++.