C++的map详解

map

class template

<map>

Map

Maps are a kind of associative container that stores elements formed by the combination of a key value and a mapped value.

In a map, the key value is generally used to uniquely identify the element, while the mapped value is some sort of value associated to this key. Types of key and mapped value may differ. For example, a typical example of a map is a telephone guide where the name is the key and the telephone number is the mapped value.

Internally, the elements in the map are sorted from lower to higher key value following a specific strict weak ordering criterion set on construction.

As associative containers, they are especially designed to be efficient accessing its elements by their key (unlike sequence containers, which are more efficient accessing elements by their relative or absolute position). 

Therefore, the main characteristics of a map as an associative container are:

• Unique key values: no two elements in the map have keys that compare equal to each other. For a similar associative container allowing for multiple elements with equivalent keys, see multimap.
• Each element is composed of a key and a mapped value. For a simpler associative container where the element value itself is its key, see set.
• Elements follow a strict weak ordering at all times. Unordered associative arrays, like unordered_map, are available in implementations following TR1.

Maps are also unique among associative containers in that they implement the direct access operator (operator[]) which allows for direct access of the mapped value.

In their implementation in the C++ Standard Template Library, map containers take four template parameters:

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template < class Key, class T, class Compare = less<Key>,           class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key,T> > > class map;

Where the template parameters have the following meanings:

• Key: Type of the key values. Each element in a map is uniquely identified by its key value.
• T: Type of the mapped value. Each element in a map is used to store some data as its mapped value.
• Compare: Comparison class: A class that takes two arguments of the key type and returns a bool. The expression comp(a,b), where comp is an object of this comparison class and a and b are key values, shall return true if a is to be placed at an earlier position than b in a strict weak ordering operation. This can either be a class implementing a function call operator or a pointer to a function (see constructor for an example). This defaults to less<Key>, which returns the same as applying theless-than operator (a<b).
  The map object uses this expression to determine the position of the elements in the container. All elements in a map container are ordered following this rule at all times.
• Allocator: Type of the allocator object used to define the storage allocation model. By default, the allocator class template is used, which defines the simplest memory allocation model and is value-independent.

In the reference for the map member functions, these same names (Key, T, Compare and Allocator) are assumed for the template parameters.

This container class supports bidirectional iterators.
Iterators to elements of map containers access to both the key and the mapped value. For this, the class defines what is called its value_type, which is a pair class with itsfirst value corresponding to the const version of the key type (template parameter Key) and its second value corresponding to the mapped value (template parameter T):

 

typedef pair<const Key, T> value_type;

Iterators of a map container point to elements of this value_type. Thus, for an iterator called it that points to an element of a map, its key and mapped value can be accessed respectively with:

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map<Key,T>::iterator it;(*it).first;             // the key value (of type Key)(*it).second;            // the mapped value (of type T)(*it);                   // the "element value" (of type pair<const Key,T>) 

Naturally, any other direct access operator, such as -> or [] can be used, for example:

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it->first;               // same as (*it).first   (the key value)it->second;              // same as (*it).second  (the mapped value) 

Member functions

(constructor)Construct map (public member function)(destructor)Map destructor (public member function)operator=Copy container content (public member function)
Iterators:
beginReturn iterator to beginning (public member function)endReturn iterator to end (public member function)rbeginReturn reverse iterator to reverse beginning (public member function)rendReturn reverse iterator to reverse end (public member function)
Capacity:
emptyTest whether container is empty (public member function)sizeReturn container size (public member function)max_sizeReturn maximum size (public member function)
Element access:
operator[]Access element (public member function )
Modifiers:
insertInsert element (public member function)eraseErase elements (public member function)swapSwap content (public member function)clearClear content (public member function)
Observers:
key_compReturn key comparison object (public member function)value_compReturn value comparison object (public member function)
Operations:
findGet iterator to element (public member function )countCount elements with a specific key (public member function)lower_boundReturn iterator to lower bound (public member function)upper_boundReturn iterator to upper bound (public member function)equal_rangeGet range of equal elements (public member function)
Allocator:
get_allocatorGet allocator (public member function)

Member types

of template <class Key, class T, class Compare=less<Key>, class Allocator=allocator<pair <const Key, T> > > class map; 
member typedefinitionkey_typeKeymapped_typeTvalue_typepair<const Key,T>key_compareComparevalue_compareNested class to compare elements (see member function value_comp)allocator_typeAllocatorreferenceAllocator::referenceconst_referenceAllocator::const_referenceiteratorBidirectional iteratorconst_iteratorConstant bidirectional iteratorsize_typeUnsigned integral type (usually same as size_t)difference_typeSigned integral type (usually same as ptrdiff_t)pointerAllocator::pointerconst_pointerAllocator::const_pointerreverse_iteratorreverse_iterator<iterator>const_reverse_iteratorreverse_iterator<const_iterator>