Linux服务器上11种网络连接状态

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转载自:http://taopian.iteye.com/blog/501580


一、Linux服务器上11种网络连接状态 


       通常情况下,一个正常的TCP连接,都会有三个阶段:1、TCP三次握手;2、数据传送;3、TCP四次挥手。 

        注:以下说明最好能结合上图来理解。 

        SYN:(同步序列编号,Synchronize Sequence Numbers)该标志仅在三次握手建立TCP连接时有效,表示一个新的TCP连接请求。 

        ACK:(确认编号,Acknowledgement Number)是对TCP请求的确认标志,同时提示对端系统已经成功接收所有数据。 

        FIN:(结束标志,Finish)用来结束一个TCP回话,但对应端口仍处于开放状态,准备接收后续数据。 

        1、LISTEN:首先服务端需要打开一个socket进行监听,状态为LISTEN。 /* The socket is listening for incoming connections. 侦听来自远方TCP端口的连接请求 */ 

        2、SYN_SENT:客户端通过应用程序调用connect进行active open,于是客户端TCP发送一个SYN以请求建立一个连接,之后状态置为SYN_SENT。 /*The socket is actively attempting to establish a connection. 在发送连接请求后等待匹配的连接请求 */ 

        3、SYN_RECV:服务端应发出ACK确认客户端的SYN,同时自己向客户端发送一个SYN,之后状态置为SYN_RECV。 /* A connection request has been received from the network. 在收到和发送一个连接请求后等待对连接请求的确认 */ 

        4、ESTABLISHED:代表一个打开的连接,双方可以进行或已经在数据交互了。 /* The socket has an established connection. 代表一个打开的连接,数据可以传送给用户 */ 

        5、FIN_WAIT1:主动关闭(active close)端应用程序调用close,于是其TCP发出FIN请求主动关闭连接,之后进入FIN_WAIT1状态。 /* The socket is closed, and the connection is shutting down. 等待远程TCP的连接中断请求,或先前的连接中断请求的确认 */ 

        6、CLOSE_WAIT:被动关闭(passive close)端TCP接到FIN后,就发出ACK以回应FIN请求(它的接收也作为文件结束符传递给上层应用程序),并进入CLOSE_WAIT。 /* The remote end has shut down, waiting for the socket to close. 等待从本地用户发来的连接中断请求 */ 

        7、FIN_WAIT2:主动关闭端接到ACK后,就进入了FIN-WAIT-2。 /* Connection is closed, and the socket is waiting for a shutdown from the remote end. 从远程TCP等待连接中断请求 */ 

        8、LAST_ACK:被动关闭端一段时间后,接收到文件结束符的应用程序将调用CLOSE关闭连接。这导致它的TCP也发送一个FIN,等待对方的ACK,就进入了LAST-ACK。 /* The remote end has shut down, and the socket is closed. Waiting for acknowledgement. 等待原来发向远程TCP的连接中断请求的确认 */ 

        9、TIME_WAIT:在主动关闭端接收到FIN后,TCP就发送ACK包,并进入TIME-WAIT状态。 /* The socket is waiting after close to handle packets still in the network.等待足够的时间以确保远程TCP接收到连接中断请求的确认 */ 

        10、CLOSING:比较少见。 /* Both sockets are shut down but we still don't have all our data sent. 等待远程TCP对连接中断的确认 */ 

        11、CLOSED:被动关闭端在接受到ACK包后,就进入了CLOSED的状态,连接结束。 /* The socket is not being used. 没有任何连接状态 */ 

        TIME_WAIT状态的形成只发生在主动关闭连接的一方。 

        主动关闭方在接收到被动关闭方的FIN请求后,发送成功给对方一个ACK后,将自己的状态由FIN_WAIT2修改为TIME_WAIT,而必须再等2倍的MSL(Maximum Segment Lifetime,MSL是一个数据报在internetwork中能存在的时间)时间之后双方才能把状态都改为CLOSED以关闭连接。目前RHEL里保持TIME_WAIT状态的时间为60秒。 

        当然上述很多TCP状态在系统里都有对应的解释或设置,可见man tcp。 

二、关于长连接和短连接 

        通俗点讲:短连接就是一次TCP请求得到结果后,连接马上结束。而长连接并不马上断开,而一直保持着,直到长连接TIMEOUT(具体程序都有相关参数说明)。长连接可以避免不断的进行TCP三次握手和四次挥手。 

        长连接(keepalive)是需要靠双方不断的发送探测包来维持的,keepalive期间服务端和客户端的TCP连接状态是ESTABLISHED。目前http 1.1版本里默认都是keepalive(1.0版本默认是不keepalive的),IE 6/7/8和Firefox都默认用的是http 1.1版本了(如何查看当前浏览器用的是哪个版本,这里不再赘述)。 
       
        一个应用至于到底是该使用短连接还是长连接,应该视具体情况而定。一般的应用应该使用长连接。 

        1、Linux的相关keepalive参数 
            a、tcp_keepalive_time - INTEGER 
            How often TCP sends out keepalive messages when keepalive is enabled. 
            Default: 2hours. 

            b、tcp_keepalive_probes - INTEGER 
            How many keepalive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the connection is broken. 
            Default value: 9. 

            c、tcp_keepalive_intvl - INTEGER 
            How frequently the probes are send out. Multiplied by tcp_keepalive_probes it is time to kill not responding connection, after probes started. 
            Default value: 75sec i.e. connection will be aborted after ~11 minutes of retries. 

        2、Apache的相关参数说明(以下是Apache/2.0.61版本的默认参数和说明) 
            a、KeepAlive: default On. Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate. 

            b、MaxKeepAliveRequests: default 100. The maximum number of requests to allow during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount. We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance. 

            c、KeepAliveTimeout: default 15. Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the same client on the same connection. 

        3、JAVA 1.6的相关参数说明 
            a、http.keepAlive=<boolean> 
            default: true 
            Indicates if keep alive (persistent) connections should be supported. 

            b、http.maxConnections=<int> 
            default: 5 
            Indicates the maximum number of connections per destination to be kept alive at any given time.

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