动名词

 

（一）动名词的句法功能

(1). 作主语
Working is good exercise.
Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 

作主语的动名词结构复杂而长时，为保持句子的平衡，可后置，而先行词it 作句子的形式

主语。如：

It is fun having guests for the weekend.
It is no use sending him over.
It's too late already.
There is no joking about such matters.

(2). 作宾语

A. 作及物动词的宾语

( suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can't help, mind, admit, enjoy,require,

postpone, put off, delay, practise, excuse, advise, consider, deny, miss ---)

The doctor advised taking exercise.
I am sorry I missed seeing you while in Beijing.
He gave up teaching only two years ago.

注：“do + 限定词(the, my, some, much, etc)+ 名词化的动名词”意思是 做--(事)”

Who will do the cooking?
I usually do my washing on Sundays.

B. 作介词的宾语

(成语如 insist on, think of, look forward to, get used to, be good at, take part

in, be interested in, be proud of, succeed in, feel like, be fond of, be

responsible for, be suitable for, ---, stop --- from ------)

He has some difficulty in keeping five children in school.
The teacher gave him a medal for winning the game.

C. 作形容词worth, busy的具有状语性质的宾语

He was worth teaching.
(=worthy of being taught)

The teacher is busy correcting the students' exam papers.

如果作宾语的动名词又有自己的补语，习惯上将动名词后置，而用先行词作它的形式宾语。

如：

I found it pleasant walking along the river after supper.

(3). 作表语
Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 

动名词作表语时有两点值得注意：

(1)句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

(2)表语动名词与主语是对等关系，表示主语的内容，回答what或doing what的问题，不可

与进行时态相混淆，比较：

My favorite sport is playing basketball.
He is playing basketball.

(4) 作定语

I am glad to have this chance of coming to visit your country.
(介词和动名词做定语)  

(5) 作同位语 That was her wish, going on to college after finishing senior

middle school.

（二）动名词的复合结构

物主代词(或名词的所有格)+动名词 动名词的复合结构在句中可作主语，宾语，表语等，其中的逻辑主语一般用物主代词或名词的所有格；但在口语中，这种结构如果作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格

来代替。如： 

Mary's coming late made her teacher angry. 
Would you mind my(or me)opening the window?

不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格(或人称代词的宾格)

(1). 无生命的名词

The boys were alarmed by the door suddenly shutting.
Is there any hope of our team winning the game?

(2). 有生命的名词但表示泛指的意义

Have you ever heard of women playing football?

(3). 两个以上的生命名词并列

Do you remember my brother and me coming to see you the other day?

（三）非限定动词句法功能的比较

1) 句法功能的一览表

2). 比较

(1). 不定式与动名词作主语时的比较 一般说来可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，如：

It is dangerous playing (or to play) with fire. 

有的语法学家说，动名词表示抽象和泛指的动作，而不定式表示比较具体的一次动作。

A. 在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。

B. 在疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式的复合结构。如：

Does our saying that mean anything to him?
Does for us to say that mean anything to him?（错）  

C. 在句型“There is no + 主语”中，须用动名词作主语，如：

There is no telling what will happen.
(It is impossible to tell what will happen.)

D. 当表语是动名词时，主语要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.

(2). 不定式，分词与动名词作表语时的比较

不定式与动名词作表语一般可以互换使用，在意义上没有多大的差别，如：
Our purpose is training
(or: to train)the students to read books in English.

分词作表语说明主语的性质特征，回答how的问题；
不定式与动名词作表语则说明主语的内容，回答what 或doing what 的问题。如：

His job is interesting.
(How is his job?)

His job is teaching.
(What is his job?)

(3). 不定式与动名词作直接宾语时的区别比较

A. 有些及物动词只能接不定式作宾语，如

want, wish, hope, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, dare, choose, arrange,

expect, decide, agree, promise, plan, offer, manage, pretend, prepare, elect,

desire, fail, long, determine等, 

I want to play football.
She refused to join them.

B. 有些及物动词只能接动名词作宾语，如

mind, finish, admit, advise, avoid, consider, dislike, enjoy, excuse, imagine,

escape, include, keep, pardon, practise, risk, miss, stand, deny, fancy,

suggest, give up, put off ,can't help ,set about, prevent, prevent sb from,

object to ,insist on 等

She kept shouting and crying.

C. 有些及物动词的宾语既可用不定式，又可用动名词，可分为以下两种情况：

1) 意义基本一样，如：

like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, attempt, afford, prefer, delay, omit,

neglect, propose, cease, can't bear-----

Marx started working (=to work) hard to improve his English.

但如果begin与start本身为进行时后边则要接不定式，不接动名词，如：

He is beginning to see his mistake.

2) 意义明显不同，主要有以下几个动词： 

remember + 不定式：记住(别忘记)要做的一件事 

remember +动名词：记得(回忆起)过去曾做过的一件事 比较：

Please remember to post the letter for me.
I remember posting ( or: having posted)the letter .

forget +不定式：忘记要做的一件事
forget +动名词：忘记了过去做过的一件事

比较：

He forgot to write to me.
He forgot ever having written to me.

I will never forget visiting London for the first time.

regret +不动式(一般式)：对现在要发生的事表示“抱歉”，“遗憾”
regret +动名词：对已经发生的事表示“后悔”

比较：

I regret to say (that )
I cannot go with you.
She regretted missing (=having missed) the report.
I regret to say I cannot take your advice.
I regret not taking your advice.

mean +不定式：打算---，想要---
mean +动名词：意味着---，意思是---

比较：

I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
Learning a foreign language does not mean just working in a class.

D. 动词stop, try和不定式连用时，本身用作不及物动词，不定式是它们的目的状语；

stop, try和动名词连用时，本身用作及物动词，动名词是它们的直接宾语。搭配不同，含

义不同。

1)stop +不定式：停下正在做的事而去做由不定式所表示的另外一件事
stop +动名词：停止做由动名词所表示的某事

比较：

They stopped to talk.
They stopped talking .

2)try +不定式：设法---，试图---     
try + 动名词：试一试---

比较：

He came to Beijing to try to find a job.
She tried reading, but that could not make her feel better.

E. 及物动词want ,need, require的不同用法及不同含义：

1)want + 不定式：想要---
want + sb. or sth. +不定式：想要某人---，希望某事---
want + 动名词：需要---，该---(动名词主动形式表被动含义)

比较： Somebody wants to see you. I wanted you to show me how to operate this

machine. We wanted this meeting to be a successful one. The matter wants

thinking over(=to be thought over)

2)need + 不定式：需要---
need + 动名词：需要---，该---(动名词主动形式表示被动含义)

You don't need to leave so early.
His clothes needed mending and his shoes needed repairing.(=to be mended and to

be repaired)

3)require +sb / sth +不定式：要求(需要)某人做---
require + 动名词：需要---，该---(动名词主动形式表示被动含义)

The order required all the people to bow before him.
These young trees will require looking after(=to be looked after)

(4). 不定式与分词作宾语补足语时的比较

用现在分词作宾语补足语，强调动作的过程，表示动作正在进行；用不定式作宾语补足语，

强调发生动作这一事实，因而表明动作已结束。比较：

I saw him coming downstairs.(=I saw that he was coming down stairs.)
I saw him come downstairs.(=He came downstairs and I saw it .)

及物动词的两种分词作宾补时，主要看它们与自己的逻辑主语(即句中的宾语)的关系，主动

关系用现在分词。被动关系用过去分词。比较：

I found him cooking supper.
I found supper cooked.

(5). 不定式，分词与动名词作定语时的比较

A. 不定式与分词作定语时的区别主要表现在时态上：不定式作定语通常指未来的动作；现

在分词作定语指正在发生的动作，过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如：

He has two letters to write.
Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting .
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? Have you read any short stories written

by LuXun?

此外，不定式和分词作定语时，与被修饰的名词或代词都有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。

但是，不定式作定语有时可表示被修饰名词的内容，而分词却不行，如：

She has a strong wish to go to college.
(不可说 going to college.)

We have got no time to listen to your excuses.

B. 现在分词与动名词作定语时的主要区别是：

现在分词表示它所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，如：

a crying baby(=a baby that is crying )
the boiling water(=the water that is boiling)

动名词作定语时表示它所修饰的名词所表达的目的或用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，

如：

a bathing suit(a suit for bathing)
drinking water(=water for drinking)

分词作定语时可以后置，而动名词只能放在所修饰名词的前面，如：
On the day following (=On the following day) he left for New York.
Do you have any listening material?

二、例题解析

例1
She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
A going  B to go   C for going   D went

解析：该题正确答案为A。
feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语。

例2

The garden needs ____.
A water   B watering  C to water  D watered

解析：该题正确答案为B。need = want = require.
如果主语与宾语是被动关系，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。

三、有效测试

1. I don't think it's much good _____ to him.
A. writing B. to write C. write D. written

2. Such books are not worthy _____ at all.
A. of being read B. being read C. reading D. to read

3. He apologized for _____.
A. his not being able to come B. his being not able to come
C. his being able not to come D. him not being able to come

AAA

4. When he heard the big noise, Tom stopped _____ and _____ to the window to see

what was happening.
A. to read/went B. reading/to go C. reading/going D. reading/went 

5. _____ the exam will disappoint your parents.
A. You failing B. Your failing C. You fail D. You to fail.

6. —Do you mind _____? 
—Go ahead.
A. opening the window B. I open the window
C. if I open the window  D. whether I open the window

DBC

7.Saying always has less difficulty than _____.
A. done     B. doing C. to do D. having done

8. _____ the same mistake again made his parents very angry.
A. His being made B. He has made C. He had making D. His making

9 .The thief entered the room without _____.
A. noticing B. being noticed C. having noticed D. having been noticed

10. Besides _____, she is kind and tender.
A. beautiful B. being beautiful C. she beautiful D. is beautiful

B D B B