Web服务器更换到Nginx

禁不住诱惑，还是把Web服务器更换为Nginx（读音[engine x]），这个俄罗斯人写的高性能的web服务器。[因为在Linode360方案中，使用Apache如果想达到比较好的性能，确实会比较频繁的出现OOM；要避免OOM，就只能减少并发处理能力和内存配置]

Debian Lenny自带的nginx是0.6x的，而目前最新版本是0.7x。因此决定，从官方网站安装。

本文简单介绍了完整的安装过程。

首先安装必要的package，这些package将会在后面的过程中用到：

$ sudo apt-get install libssl-dev libpcre3-dev build-essential$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cgi mysql-server mysql-client

接下来下载并安装nginx（注意，下载的地址的可能会发生变化，可以参考http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxInstall#Stable）：

$ wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz$ tar -zxvf nginx-0.7.62.tar.gz$ cd nginx-0.7.62$ ./configure --prefix=/usr --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid  --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/ --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/ --with-md5-asm --with-md5=/usr/include --with-sha1-asm --with-sha1=/usr/include --with-http_stub_status_module$ make$ sudo make install

安装spawn-fcgi（曾经lighttpd的一部分，用来管理php-cgi进程）

$ wget http://www.lighttpd.net/download/spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz$ tar -zxvf spawn-fcgi-1.6.2.tar.gz$ cd spawn-fcgi-1.6.2$ ./configure$ make$ sudo cp ./src/spawn-cgi /usr/bin/

创建nginx和php-fastcgi的init脚本

$ sudo vi /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi$ sudo vi /etc/init.d/nginx$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx

/etc/init.d/nginx文件内容：

#! /bin/sh### BEGIN INIT INFO# Provides:          nginx# Required-Start:    $remote_fs $syslog# Required-Stop:     $remote_fs $syslog# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5# Default-Stop:      0 1 6# Short-Description: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.# Description:       nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.### END INIT INFO#------------------------------------------------------------------------------# nginx - this script, which starts and stops the nginx daemon for ubuntu.## description:  Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \#               proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server.  This \#               script will manage the initiation of the \#               server and its process state.## processname: nginx# config:      /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf# pidfile:     /acronymlabs/server/nginx.pid# Provides:    nginx## Author:  Jason Giedymin#          <jason.giedymin AT acronymlabs.com>.## Version: 1.0 01-Apr-2009 jason.giedymin AT gmail.com# Notes: nginx init.d script for Ubuntu 8.10 and lesser versions.##------------------------------------------------------------------------------#                               MIT X11 License#------------------------------------------------------------------------------## Copyright (c) 2009 Jason Giedymin, http://AcronymLabs.com## Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to# the following conditions:## The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.## THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#                               Functions#------------------------------------------------------------------------------. /lib/lsb/init-functions#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#                               Consts#------------------------------------------------------------------------------PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/binDAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginxNAME=nginxDESCRIPTION="Nginx Server..."PIDSPATH=/var/run/nginxPS=$NAME                                #the process, which happens to be the NAMEPIDFILE=$NAME.pid                       #pid fileRUNAS=root                              #user to run asSCRIPT_OK=0                             #ala error codesSCRIPT_ERROR=1                          #ala error codesTRUE=1                                  #booleanFALSE=0                                 #booleanlockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginxNGINX_CONF_FILE="/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#                               Simple Tests#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#test if nginx is a file and executabletest -x $DAEMON || exit 0# Include nginx defaults if availableif [ -f /etc/default/nginx ] ; then        . /etc/default/nginxfi#set exit condition#set -e#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#                               Functions#------------------------------------------------------------------------------configtest() {        $DAEMON -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE}getPSCount() {        return `pgrep -f $PS | wc -l`}isRunning(){        pidof_daemon        PID=$?        if [ $PID -gt 0 ]; then                return 1        else                return 0        fi}status(){        isRunning        isAlive=$?        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then                echo "$NAME found running with processes:  `pidof $PS`"        else                echo "$NAME is NOT running."        fi}removePIDFile(){        if [ -f $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid ]; then                rm $PIDSPATH/$NAME.pid        fi}start() {        log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESCRIPTION"        isRunning        isAlive=$?        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR        else                start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --chuid $RUNAS --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON                chmod 400 $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK        fi}stop() {        log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESCRIPTION"        isRunning        isAlive=$?        if [ "${isAlive}" -eq $TRUE ]; then                start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE                removePIDFile                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK        else                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR        fi}reload() {        configtest || return $?        log_daemon_msg "Reloading (via HUP) $DESCRIPTION"        isRunning        if [ $? -eq $TRUE ]; then                `killall -HUP $PS` #to be safe                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK        else                log_end_msg $SCRIPT_ERROR        fi}terminate() {        log_daemon_msg "Force terminating (via KILL) $DESCRIPTION"        PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true        [ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`        for i in $PIDS; do                if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then                        kill $i                        removePIDFile                fi        done        log_end_msg $SCRIPT_OK}pidof_daemon() {    PIDS=`pidof $PS` || true    [ -e $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE ] && PIDS2=`cat $PIDSPATH/$PIDFILE`    for i in $PIDS; do        if [ "$i" = "$PIDS2" ]; then            return 1        fi    done    return 0}case "$1" in  start)        start        ;;  stop)        stop        ;;  restart|force-reload)        stop        start        ;;  reload)        $1        ;;  status)        status        ;;  configtest)        $1        ;;  terminate)        $1        ;;  *)        FULLPATH=/etc/init.d/$NAME        echo "Usage: $FULLPATH {start|stop|restart|force-reload|status|configtest|terminate}"        exit 1        ;;esacexit 0

/etc/init.d/php-fastcgi文件内容：

#! /bin/sh### BEGIN INIT INFO# Provides:          php-fastcgi# Required-Start:    $all# Required-Stop:     $all# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5# Default-Stop:      0 1 6# Short-Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode# Description:       Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode### END INIT INFO# Author: Kurt Zankl <[EMAIL PROTECTED]># Do NOT "set -e"PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/binDESC="php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode"NAME=php-fastcgiDAEMON=/usr/bin/php-cgiPIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pidSCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAMEPHP_CONFIG_FILE=/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini# Exit if the package is not installed[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0# Read configuration variable file if it is present[ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables. /lib/init/vars.sh# Define LSB log_* functions.# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.. /lib/lsb/init-functions# If the daemon is not enabled, give the user a warning and then exit,# unless we are stopping the daemonif [ "$START" != "yes" -a "$1" != "stop" ]; then        log_warning_msg "To enable $NAME, edit /etc/default/$NAME and set START=yes"        exit 0fi# Process configurationexport PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTSDAEMON_ARGS="-q -b $FCGI_HOST:$FCGI_PORT -c $PHP_CONFIG_FILE"do_start(){        # Return        #   0 if daemon has been started        #   1 if daemon was already running        #   2 if daemon could not be started        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \                || return 1        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON \                --background --make-pidfile --chuid $EXEC_AS_USER --startas $DAEMON -- \                $DAEMON_ARGS \                || return 2}do_stop(){        # Return        #   0 if daemon has been stopped        #   1 if daemon was already stopped        #   2 if daemon could not be stopped        #   other if a failure occurred        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 --pidfile $PIDFILE > /dev/null # --name $DAEMON        RETVAL="$?"        [ "$RETVAL" = 2 ] && return 2        # Wait for children to finish too if this is a daemon that forks        # and if the daemon is only ever run from this initscript.        # If the above conditions are not satisfied then add some other code        # that waits for the process to drop all resources that could be        # needed by services started subsequently.  A last resort is to        # sleep for some time.        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec $DAEMON        [ "$?" = 2 ] && return 2        # Many daemons don't delete their pidfiles when they exit.        rm -f $PIDFILE        return "$RETVAL"}case "$1" in  start)        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"        do_start        case "$?" in                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;        esac        ;;  stop)        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"        do_stop        case "$?" in                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;        esac        ;;  restart|force-reload)        log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"        do_stop        case "$?" in          0|1)                do_start                case "$?" in                        0) log_end_msg 0 ;;                        1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running                        *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start                esac                ;;          *)                # Failed to stop                log_end_msg 1                ;;        esac        ;;  *)        echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2        exit 3        ;;esac

创建nginx配置文件/etc/nginx/nginx.conf（并实现VirtualHost）

user www-data www-data;worker_processes  4;events {    worker_connections  1024;    use epoll;}http {        include       mime.types;        default_type  application/octet-stream;        sendfile        on;        tcp_nopush     on;        tcp_nodelay    on;        keepalive_timeout  65;        gzip  on;        include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; #这一句就是实现nginx VirtualHost的}

创建VirtualHost文件/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld

server {        listen       80;        server_name  domain.tld www.domain.tld;        access_log      /srv/www/domain.tld/logs/access.log;        location / {                root   /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;                index  index.html index.htm index.php;        }        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;        location = /50x.html {                root   /usr/html;        }        location ~ \.php$ {                root           /srv/www/domain.tld/public_html;                fastcgi_pass    127.0.0.1:9000;                fastcgi_index  index.php;                fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;                include        fastcgi_params;        }}

Enable VirualHost

$ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/domain.tld

启动php-fastcgi和nginx

$ sudo /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi start$ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start

配置php-fastcgi和nginx自动启动

$ sudo apt-get install rcconf$ sudo rcconf # 选中php-fastcgi和nginx

此时，php的配置文件使用/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini。

创建WordPress的rewrite rule：修改/etc/nginx/sites-available/domain.tld，在location /中添加如下的内容：

location / {        root   /srv/www/weigblog.com/public_html;        index  index.html index.htm index.php;        if (!-e $request_filename) {                rewrite (.*) /index.php;        }}

其中：
-e为存在目录或文件
-d为存在目录
-f为存在文件