STL顺序容器之vector类型

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顺序容器:

将单一类型元素聚集起来成为容器,然后根据位置来存储和访问这些元素,这就是顺序容器。

顺序容器的元素排列与元素值无关,而是由元素添加到容器里的次序决定。

标准库中定义了三种顺序容器类型:vector、list和deque(double-ended queue,双端队列),它们的差别在于访问元素的方式,以及添加或删除元素相关操作的运行代价。

容器只定义了少量操作,大多数额外操作都是由算法库提供。

vector容器:

vector是顺序容器,是STL中最为常用的容器。它的容器以连续的方式存放。熟练掌握vector的使用是进入STL库学习的第一道门槛。

下面通过讲例子的方式慢慢深入vector容器的学习。

知识点预览:

vector<int> v;//定义一个空容器

vector<int> v1(v);//将v通过构造函数拷贝给v1

v.empty();//容器是否为空

vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin();//容器的首元素地址  [begin,end)

v.end();//容器的最后一个元素的下一个位置

v.rbegin();//逆序迭代器,指向容器的最后一个元素

v.rend();//第一个元素前面的位置

v.size();//容器v当前元素的个数

v.resize(n); //调整容器的长度大小,使其能容纳n个元素

v.resize(n,t);//调整大小的同时将新添加的元素的值都设为t

v.max_size();//返回容器可容纳的最多元素个数,返回类型为v::size_type

v.capacity(); //容器v的容量,会自动增长。通常大于size(),加倍分配存储空间。

v.reserve(n);//预留窗外的存储空间。

v.push_back(10);//将值10放入容器v 中

v.insert(p,t);//在迭代器p所指元素的前面插入值为t 的元素

v.insert(p,n,t);//在迭代器所指位置的前面插入n个值为t的元素

v.insert(p,b,e);//在迭代器p指向的元素前面插入迭代器b和e标记范围内的元素

v.at(1) = 20;// 相当于v[1] = 20;

v = v1;//删除v的所有元素,将v1的元素复制给v

v.assign(n,t);//将容器重新设置为存储n个值为 t 的元素

v.assign(b,e);//重新设置v的元素:将迭代器b,e范围内的所有元素复制到v中,b,e必须不是指向c中元素的迭代器

v.front() / v.back() //返回头元素,尾元素的引用

v.swap(v2);//交换两个容器,包括元素值,迭代器及大小等所有数据。比复制的操作快。

v.erase(p);//删除迭代器所指向的元素,它返回一个迭代器,指向被删除元素后面的位置。如果p指向元素的最后一个元素,则返回的迭代器指向容器的超出末端的下一位置。

v.erase(b,e);//删除迭代器b,e范围内的所有元素

v.clear();//删除容器中的所有元素

v.pop_back();//删除容器的最后一个元素

 

copy(v.begin(),v.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));//输出v中一块连续区间的元素的值

 fill(b,e,t);//在迭代器b,e范围内填充所有元素的值为t

 

 

template<typename T>

class Print{

public:

void operator () (T& t){

cout << t << " ";
}
}

Print<int> print;

for_each(v.begin(),v.end(),print); //自定义输出方式

 

注:我用的编译环境是C Free + STLport

 

 

第一个例子:

使用下标方式和push_back()输入参数至v1中,vector<int> v2310,0),v3中共有10个元素,所有元素赋予初值0。

vector<string> v4(str+0, str+3); 将字符数组str[] 中的内容拷贝至v4中。vector<string>::iterator sIt = v4.begin(); 定义一个迭代器,遍历v4中的所有元素的值。

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;int main(){  //empty vector object  vector<int> v1;  v1.push_back(3);  v1[1] = 4;  v1[2] = 5;  cout << "v1:" << endl;  for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)  cout << v1[i] << " ";  cout << endl;  //creates vector with ten object elements  vector<int> v2(10);  cout << "v2:" << endl << v2[0] << endl;    //creates vector with ten object elements  //and assigned value 0 for each  vector<int> v3(10,0);  cout << "v3:" << endl;  for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)  cout << v3[i] << " ";  cout << endl;    string str[] = {"Alex","Ajioy","Zerian"};  // copy str,str+1,str+2 to v4  vector<string> v4(str+0, str+3);  vector<string>::iterator sIt = v4.begin();  cout << "v4:" << endl;  while(sIt != v4.end())  cout << *sIt++ << " ";  cout << endl;  vector<string> v5(v4);  cout << "v5:" << endl;  for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)   cout << v5[i] << " ";   cout << endl;   return 0;}

运行结果:

v1:
3 4 5
v2:
0
v3:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
v4:
Alex Ajioy Zerian
v5:
Alex Ajioy Zerian

 


第二个例子:

v.assign(3,100);是将当前v的所有元素清空,用3个值为100的元素替代。

v1.at(1) = 200;相当于v1[1] = 200;,也相当于v1.insert(v1.begin() + 1,200);

copy(v.begin(),v.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));是将vector容器中指定的一块连续的区域的元素的值以指定的方式输出,需要包含头文件#include <iterator>

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <iterator>using namespace std;int main(){   int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5};   vector<int> v;   //assign to the "v",the contains of "arr"   v.assign(arr,arr+5);   copy(v.begin(),v.end(),       ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));   cout << endl;   //replace v for 3 copies of 100   v.assign(3,100);   copy(v.begin(),v.end(),   ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));   cout << endl;   vector<int> v1(3,0);   v1[0] = 100;   v1.at(1) = 200;   v1.insert(v1.begin() + 2,300);   for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)   cout << v1.at(i) << " ";   cout << endl;}


运行结果:

1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100

100 200 300

 

第三个例子:

 class Member的作用在于配合push_back。

v.push_back(M("Robert",60000)); 是把一个M类型(也即Member<string,double>类型)的临时对象压进容器v中,通过迭代器It访问M对象的成员函数print(),输出数据成员name和sal,如此情形下是不可以用v[0],v[1]直接访问v的元素。这种方式很巧妙,通过自定义一个包含多种数据类型的类来保存复杂的数据,既简化了输入输出等操作,又使得结构更加清晰。

M("Robert",60000);相当于

M tmp("Robert",60000);

v.push_back(tmp);

 M("Robert",60000);可以把它简单对待成诸如int,string的数据类型,只是它比int,string更复杂一点。

v.back().print()是将容器v中的最后一个元素的值打印出来。

同理可知v.front().print()是打印第一个元素的值。

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <iterator>#include <string>using namespace std;template <typename T,typename D>class Member{  public:  Member(T t,D d):name(t),sal(d){}  void print();  private:  T name;  D sal; };template<typename T,typename D>void Member<T,D>::print(){ cout << "name:" << name  << " salary:" << sal << endl;}typedef Member<string,double> M;int main(){  vector<M> v; v.push_back(M("Robert",60000)); v.push_back(M("Linda",75000)); vector<M>::iterator It = v.begin(); cout << "Enter vector:" << endl; while(It != v.end()) (It++)->print(); cout << endl; cout << "return from back()" << endl; v.back().print(); cout << "return from front()" << endl; v.front().print();}


 运行结果:

Enter vector:
name:Robert salary:60000
name:Linda salary:75000

return from back()
name:Linda salary:75000
return from front()
name:Robert salary:60000

 

第四个例子:

 fill(v.begin(),v.end(),5);填充迭代器范围内所有元素的值为5

v.clear();删除所有元素

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;template <class T>class Print{   public:   void operator() (T & t)   {   cout << t << " " ;   }};int main(){vector<int> v(10);Print<int> print;//set all elements as 5fill(v.begin(),v.end(),5);cout << "vector v:";for_each(v.begin(),v.end(),print);cout << endl;cout << "size of v = " << v.size() << endl;cout << "v.clear" << endl;//clear all elements of containerv.clear();cout << "vector v:";for_each(v.begin(),v.end(),print);cout << endl;cout << "size of v = " << v.size() << endl;cout << "vector v is ";v.empty()? cout << "" : cout << "not ";cout << "empty" << endl;v.push_back(100);cout << v[0] << endl;cout << "now v is ";v.empty() ? cout << "" : cout << "not ";cout << "empty" << endl;}


 运行结果:

vector v:5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
size of v = 10
v.clear
vector v:
size of v = 0
vector v is empty
100
now v is not empty

 

第五个例子:

v.resize(7,20);将容器的长度大小在原有基础上调整为7,并且将新添加的元素的值设为20

fill(vc.begin(),vc.end(),'*');在迭代器范围内填充元素的值为*

vc.pop_back();删除最后一个元素

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <iterator>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;int main(){/*  resize  */   vector<int> v(5);   for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)    v[i] = i * 2;    //copy() function need include "iterator"   copy(v.begin(), v.end(),     ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));    cout << endl;    //reset the size and fill with 20    v.resize(7,20);    copy(v.begin(),v.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));cout << endl << endl;/* size */vector<char> vc(5);cout << "size of vc = " << vc.size() << endl;fill(vc.begin(),vc.end(),'*');copy(vc.begin(),vc.end(),ostream_iterator<char>(cout," "));cout << endl;for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)cout << vc[i] << " ";cout << endl;for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i){  cout << "size of vc = " ;  copy(vc.begin(),vc.end(),ostream_iterator<char>(cout," "));  cout << endl;  //pop up 1 element  vc.pop_back();}}

运行结果:

0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 20 20

size of vc = 5
* * * * *
* * * * *

size of vc = * * * * *
size of vc = * * * *
size of vc = * * *
size of vc = * *
size of vc = *

 

第六个例子:

v起初分配的存储长度为5,此时size()和capacity()都为5。随着v.push_back(3); v.push_back(9);这两条语句的增加,容器的长度已经不能满足。不得不分配空间时,它以成倍的分式来开辟空间。即capacity()从5变为10。v.reserve(100);为容器预留100个长度的存储空间。

#include <iostream>#include <vector>using namespace std;template<typename T>class Print{  public:  void operator() (T& t){  cout << t << " ";  }};int main(){   vector<int> v(5,1);   cout << "size of v = " << v.size() << endl;   cout << "capacity of v = " << v.capacity() << endl;   cout << "value of each elements:" ;   for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)   cout << v[i] << " ";   cout << endl;    //modify the elements   v[0] = 5;   v[1] = 8;   v.push_back(3);   v.push_back(9);   cout << endl;   cout << "size of v = " << v.size() << endl;   //capacity is typically larger than size   cout << "capacity v = " << v.capacity() << endl;   Print<int> print;   cout << "value of each element is :";   for_each(v.begin(),v.end(),print);   cout << endl;      v.reserve(100); // increase capacity to 100   cout << "size of v1_int:" << v.size() << endl;   cout << "capacity of v1_int:" << v.capacity() << endl;   // i don't know why the size of vector v is 12   int size = sizeof(v);   cout << "size of v = " << size << endl;   }

运行结果:

size of v = 5
capacity of v = 5
value of each elements:1 1 1 1 1

size of v = 7
capacity v = 10
value of each element is :5 8 1 1 1 3 9
size of v1_int:7
capacity of v1_int:100
size of v = 12


第七个例子:

 交换两个容器的所有元素

#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <algorithm>#include <ctime>#include <iterator>using namespace std;int main(){       srand(unsigned(time(0)));       int arr[10];       const int max = 100;       const int min = 50;       //generate 10 random numbers       for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)       arr[i] = max * rand() / (RAND_MAX + min) + 1;       vector<int> v1(arr,arr+10);       vector<int> v2(arr+2,arr+6);       copy(v1.begin(),v1.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));       cout << endl             << "size of v1 = " << v1.size() << endl;       copy(v2.begin(),v2.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));       cout << endl            << "size of v2 = " << v2.size() << endl;                   v1.swap(v2);       cout << "after swapping..." << endl            << "vector v1:" << endl;       copy(v1.begin(),v1.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));       cout << endl << "size of v1:" << v1.size() << endl;              cout << "vector v2:" << endl;       copy(v2.begin(),v2.end(),ostream_iterator<int>(cout," "));       cout << endl            << "size of vector v2:" << v2.size() << endl;}

运行结果:

62 13 35 27 73 24 82 74 54 36
size of v1 = 10
35 27 73 24
size of v2 = 4
after swapping...
vector v1:
35 27 73 24
size of v1:4
vector v2:
62 13 35 27 73 24 82 74 54 36
size of vector v2:10

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