【编程珠玑】第三章 数据决定程序结构

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一,内容

        通过使用恰当的数据结构来替代复杂的代码。

二,习题

1、题目描述:本书出版之时,美国的个人收入所得税分为5种不同的税率,其中最大的税率大约为40%.以前的情况则更为复杂,税率也更高。下面所示的程序文本采用25个if语句的合理方法来计算1978年的美国联邦所得税。税率序列为0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18.....。序列中此后的计算大于0.01.有何建议呢?

if income <= 2200

tax = 0;

else if income <= 2700

tax = 0.14 * (income - 2200);

else if income <= 3200

tax = 70 + 0.15 * (income - 2700);

else if income <= 3700

tax = 145 + 0.16 * (income -3200);

else if income <= 4200

tax =225 + 0.17 * (income - 3700);

.......

else

tax =53090 + 0.70 * (income - 102200);

采用二分搜索定位到采用哪个分段函数,然后对应求出结果。

源码:

#include <iostream>using namespace std;int basetax[100];int lowerbound[100];double taxrate[100];int search(int lowerbound[],int income){int i=0;int j=99;int t=(i+j)/2;while(1){if(income - lowerbound[t] < 50 && income - lowerbound[t] >=0)return t;else if(income - lowerbound[t] < 0) //在左侧寻找 {j=t;t=(i+j)/2;}else{i=t;t=(i+j)/2;}}return  -1;}int main(){basetax[0]=0;lowerbound[0]=0;taxrate[0]=0;basetax[1]=0;lowerbound[1]=2200;taxrate[1]=0.14;for(int i=2;i<100;++i){basetax[i]=75*i-80;lowerbound[i]=2200 + (i-1)*500;taxrate[i]=(double)(14 + i-1)/100;}if(search(lowerbound,salary)){int salary=2202;int j=search(lowerbound,salary);double tax= basetax[j] +   (double)taxrate[j]*(salary -lowerbound[j]);cout<<tax<<endl;}return 0;}

2、

#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){int t=0;int i,k;    int  n=10; int c[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}; int a[10]={0};for(k=1;k<n;++k){    for(i=1;i<k;++i)       a[k] = a[k-i] * c [i];a[k] +=c[k+1];}for(i=0;i<n;++i)cout<<a[i]<<endl;return 0;}


3、当要输入数据很多,且没有规律时,可以考虑编写一个格式信函发生器(form letter generator)用于解析格式信函模板(form letter schema)。将数据从控制层分离的好处在于:避免每次针对不同的数据编写不同的代码;当需要改变一些公用文本的输出方式时,直接编辑模板即可,并不需要对数据进行修改

题目要求:输入一个字母,输出一个字符数组,该数组要以图像的方式将该字母的大写打印出来。
对于26个字母,每个字母的外形并没有必然规律可循,最直接方法是编写26个函数,针对特定的字母编写特定的打印程序,这是个体力活,代码数量将非常巨大。联想上面的格式信函编程,可以考虑为字母的外形设计一个定制模板,自己规定一套模板编写的格式,然后写一个解析程序,每次打印字母时,只需解析字母对应的模板即可,这样主要的工作量就花在每个字母模板的编写上,当然模板的编写是相当简单的,将字母图形转化为相应的模板格式即可。例如: 一个字母可以利用length = 12, width = 9的矩阵来表示


xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx   xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx   xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
任何母都可以在这张表示出来,每个点就像一个像素点。下面就对字母I和L进行模板编码,编码要求
(1)用尽可能简单的方式表示上面的图像;
(2)方便程序解析;
(3)必须适用于所有的情况
根据书上给出的编码结构,上图可表示为:
39x
63b3x3b
39x
编码规则: 第一列表示要打印的行数,,后面的数字代表每行要打印的字符个数,个数后面紧跟要打印的字符,并用空格隔开。这里字母b表示空格。根据上述规则,字母L编码如下
93x6b
39x
xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxx      xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
x

4、日期处理

这里把所有相关的处理函数放出来。

#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <string.h>int days[12] = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; typedefstruct _date {int year, month, day; }date;//看是否是闰年int leap(int year) {return (0 == year % 4 && year % 100) || year % 400 == 0; }//看是时间是否有效int legal(date a) {if (a.month <0 || a.month > 12) return 0; if (a.month == 2) return a.day > 0 && a.day <= (28 + leap(a.year)); return a.day >0 && a.day <= days[a.month -1]; }//比较时间int datecmp(date a, date b) {if (a.year != b.year) return a.year - b.year; if (a.month != b.month) return a.month - b.month; return a.day - b.day; }//计算周几?int weekday(date a) {inttm = a.month >= 3 ? (a.month - 2) : (a.month + 10); int ty = a.month >= 3 ? (a.year) : (a.year - 1); return (ty + ty/4 - ty/100 + ty/400 + (int)(2.6 * tm - 0.2) + a.day) % 7; }//时间化为天数int date2int(date a) {int i ; int ret = a.year * 365 + (a.year - 1) / 4 - (a.year -1) / 100 + (a.year - 1) / 400; days[1] += leap(a.year);for (i = 0; i < a.month - 1; ret += days[i++]); days[1] = 28;return ret + a.day; }//天数化为时间date int2date(int a) {date ret;int i = 0; ret.year = a/146097*400;for (a %= 146097; a >= 365+leap(ret.year); a -= 365 + leap(ret.year), ret.year++);days[i] += leap(ret.year);for (ret.month = 1; a >= days[ret.month - 1]; a -= days[ret.month - 1], ret.month++);days[1] = 28;ret.day = a + 1;return ret; }//计算距离int dist(date a, date b) {int ad = date2int(a); int bd = date2int(b); return ad - bd > ? ad - bd : bd - ad; }//生成日历void cal(date a) {int i, w, j, k; a.day = 1;if (a.month == 2) { k = days[a.month - 1] + leap(a.year);} else k = days[a.month - 1]; printf(" %2d月%4d年 \n", a.month, a.year);printf("日 一 二 三 四 五 六\n");w = weekday(a);i = w % 7;while (i--) printf(" "); printf("%2d", 1); if (w % 7 == 6) printf("\n"); ++w; for (i = 1; i <= k; ++i, w = (w + 1) % 7) {if (w % 7 == 0) printf("%2d", i); else printf(" %2d", i); if (w % 7 == 6) printf("\n");}}



第5题,解法是hash表中带hash。第一个以ic, tic 等做hash

首先根据后缀找到hash_set,再把余下的字段,依次在hash_set中查找,并取出最长的。

#include<stdio.h>#include<stdlib.h>#include<string>#include<iterator>#include<iostream>#include<algorithm>#include<hash_map>#include<hash_set>usingnamespace std; usingnamespace stdext; char *p[] = {"et-ic","al-is-tic","s-tic","p-tic","-lyt-ic","ot-ic","an-tic","n-tic","c-tic","at-ic","h-nic","n-ic","m-ic","l-lic","b-lic","-clic","l-ic","h-ic","f-ic","d-ic","-bic","a-ic","-mac","i-ac"};void build_map(hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >& dict) {constint n = sizeof(p)/sizeof(char *); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {string line = p[i]; reverse(line.begin(), line.end());int pos = line.find('-');dict[line.substr(0, pos)].insert(line.substr(pos + 1, line.length() - pos - 1)); }}string lookup(hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >& dict, string word) {string line = word; reverse(line.begin(), line.end());int pos = line.find('-');string ret;hash_map<string, hash_set<string> >::iterator iter;if (dict.end() != (iter = dict.find(line.substr(0, pos)))) {hash_set<string> &h = iter->second;string temp = line.substr(pos + 1, line.length() - pos - 1); for (int j = 1; j <= temp.length(); ++j) {string c = temp.substr(0, j);if (h.find(c) != h.end() && c.length() > ret.length()) ret = c;}}ret = iter->first +"-" + ret;reverse(ret.begin(), ret.end());return ret; }int main(void){string sline;hash_map<string, hash_set<string> > dict;build_map(dict);while (cin >> sline) {cout << lookup(dict, sline) << endl;}return 0; }


 


6、这个可以用python来写,下面先看一下示例代码。

模板文件/tmp/win03.domain.template

[python] view plaincopy;SetupMgrTag[Unattended][GuiUnattended]AdminPassword=${admin_password}EncryptedAdminPassword=NOOEMSkipRegional=1[UserData]ComputerName=${computer_name}


 


代码

[python] view plaincopyimport os Template =Noneif Template isNone:t = __import__('Cheetah.Template', globals(), locals(), ['Template'], -1)Template = t.Templatefp = open('/tmp/unattend.xml','w')tem = open('/tmp/win03.domain.template').read()domain_list = {'computer_name':'computer','admin_password':'admin','Use':'Use'}info = str(Template(tem, searchList=[domain_list]))fp.write(info)fp.close()


如果采用C++实现,并且${}里面的代单词表明是要被替换的单词。那么处理方法如下:

[python] view plaincopyvoid Template(char *fname, char *temp_fname, map<string, string>& dict) {ofstream output(fname);ifstream temp(temp_fname);string line;while (getline(temp, line, '\n')){int bpos =0;string::size_type pos =0;while (string::npos != (pos = line.find("${", bpos))) {string::size_type epos = line.find("}", pos); string t = line.substr(pos +2, epos - pos -2);cout << t << endl;map<string, string>::iterator iter = dict.find(t);if (dict.end() != iter) {line.replace(pos, epos - bpos +1, iter->second);bpos += iter->second.length();}else{bpos = epos +1;}}output << line <<"\n\r";}temp.close();output.close();}



7、略去,比较扯

8、2^16 = 65536个数。所以5个七段显示器肯定是够用的。

因为最大的数 65535 有五位数。

#include <iostream>#include <memory>using namespace std;void  showNumber(int i){int j=i;switch(j){case 0:printf(" --\n");break;case 1:printf("|");break;case 2:printf("  |\n");break;case 3:printf(" --\n");break;case 4:printf("|");break;case 5:printf("  |\n");break;case 6:printf(" --\n");break;default :break; };}void  showNullNumber(int i){switch(i){case 0:printf("\n");break;case 1:printf(" ");break;case 2:printf("   \n");break;case 3:printf("");break;case 4:printf(" ");break;case 5:printf("   \n");break;case 6:printf("\n");break;default :break; };}void GraphFigure(int i){int show[7];int show0[]={1,1,1,0,1,1,1};int show1[]={0,1,0,0,1,0,0};int show2[]={1,0,1,1,1,0,1};int show3[]={1,0,1,1,0,1,1};int show4[]={0,1,1,1,0,1,0};int show5[]={1,1,0,1,0,1,1};int show6[]={1,1,0,1,1,1,1};int show7[]={1,0,1,0,0,1,0};int show8[]={1,1,1,1,1,1,1};int show9[]={1,1,1,1,0,1,1};switch(i){case 0:memcpy(show,show0,sizeof(show));break;case 1:memcpy(show,show1,sizeof(show));break;case 2:memcpy(show,show2,sizeof(show));break;case 3:memcpy(show,show3,sizeof(show));break;case 4:memcpy(show,show4,sizeof(show));break;case 5:memcpy(show,show5,sizeof(show));break;case 6:memcpy(show,show6,sizeof(show));break;case 7:memcpy(show,show7,sizeof(show));break;case 8:memcpy(show,show8,sizeof(show));break;case 9:memcpy(show,show9,sizeof(show));break;default :break; };for(int i=0;i<7;++i){if(1 == show[i])showNumber(i);elseshowNullNumber(i);}}int main(){   for(int i=0;i<10;++i)   {       GraphFigure(i);       cout<<"\n\n";      }return 0;}