shell string

In bash shell, when you use a dollar sign followed by a variable name, shell expands the variable with its value. This feature of shell is called parameter expansion.

But parameter expansion has numerous other forms which allow you to expand a parameter and modify the value or substitute other values in the expansion process. In this article, let us review how to use the parameter expansion concept for string manipulation operations.

This article is part of the on-going bash tutorial series. Refer to our earlier article on bash { } expansion.

1. Identify String Length inside Bash Shell Script

${#string}

The above format is used to get the length of the given bash variable.

$ cat len.sh#! /bin/bashvar="Welcome to the geekstuff"echo ${#var}$ ./len.sh24

To understand more about bash variables, read 6 Practical Bash Global and Local Variable Examples.

2. Extract a Substring from a Variable inside Bash Shell Script

Bash provides a way to extract a substring from a string. The following example expains how to parse n characters starting from a particular position.

${string:position}

Extract substring from $string at $position

${string:position:length}

Extract $length of characters substring from $string starting from $position. In the below example, first echo statement returns the substring starting from 15th position. Second echo statement returns the 4 characters starting from 15th position. Length must be the number greater than or equal to zero.

$ cat substr.sh#! /bin/bashvar="Welcome to the geekstuff"echo ${var:15}echo ${var:15:4}$ ./substr.shgeekstuffgeek

Also, refer to our earlier article to understand more about $*, $@, $#, $$, $!, $?, $-, $_ bash special parameters.

3. Shortest Substring Match

Following syntax deletes the shortest match of $substring from front of $string

${string#substring}

Following syntax deletes the shortest match of $substring from back of $string

${string%substring}

Following sample shell script explains the above two shortest substring match concepts.

$ cat shortest.sh#! /bin/bashfilename="bash.string.txt"echo ${filename#*.}echo ${filename%.*}$ ./shortest.shAfter deletion of shortest match from front: string.txtAfter deletion of shortest match from back: bash.string

In the first echo statement substring ‘*.’ matches the characters and a dot, and # strips from the front of the string, so it strips the substring “bash.” from the variable called filename. In second echo statement substring ‘.*’ matches the substring starts with dot, and % strips from back of the string, so it deletes the substring ‘.txt’

4. Longest Substring Match

Following syntax deletes the longest match of $substring from front of $string

${string##substring}

Following syntax deletes the longest match of $substring from back of $string

${string%%substring}

Following sample shell script explains the above two longest substring match concepts.

$ cat longest.sh#! /bin/bashfilename="bash.string.txt"echo "After deletion of longest match from front:" ${filename##*.}echo "After deletion of longest match from back:" ${filename%%.*}$ ./longest.shAfter deletion of longest match from front: txtAfter deletion of longest match from back: bash

In the above example, ##*. strips longest match for ‘*.’ which matches “bash.string.” so after striping this, it prints the remaining txt. And %%.* strips the longest match for .* from back which matches “.string.txt”, after striping  it returns “bash”.

5. Find and Replace String Values inside Bash Shell Script

Replace only first match

${string/pattern/replacement}

It matches the pattern in the variable $string, and replace only the first match of the pattern with the replacement.

$ cat firstmatch.sh#! /bin/bashfilename="bash.string.txt"echo "After Replacement:" ${filename/str*./operations.}$ ./firstmatch.shAfter Replacement: bash.operations.txt

Replace all the matches

${string//pattern/replacement}

It replaces all the matches of pattern with replacement.

$ cat allmatch.sh#! /bin/bashfilename="Path of the bash is /bin/bash"echo "After Replacement:" ${filename//bash/sh}$ ./allmatch.shAfter Replacement: Path of the sh is /bin/sh

Taking about find and replace, refer to our earlier articles – sed substitute examples and Vim find and replace.

Replace beginning and end

${string/#pattern/replacement

Following syntax replaces with the replacement string, only when the pattern matches beginning of the $string.

${string/%pattern/replacement

Following syntax replaces with the replacement string, only when the pattern matches at the end of the given $string.

$ cat posmatch.sh#! /bin/bashfilename="/root/admin/monitoring/process.sh"echo "Replaced at the beginning:" ${filename/#\/root/\/tmp}echo "Replaced at the end": ${filename/%.*/.ksh}$ ./posmatch.shReplaced at the beginning: /tmp/admin/monitoring/process.shReplaced at the end: /root/admin/monitoring/process.ksh