ruby.programming_language

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The Ruby Programming Language:Everything you need to know

David Flanagan & YukihiroMatsumoto

O’Reilly 2008, Publishing Houseof Electronics Industry 2008

1. structure &execution

1.1 lexical structure词法结构

1.1.1 comment

1.1.1.1 单行注释:#

1.1.1.2 embeded document: =begin =end

1.1.1.3 文档化注释:= == ===

1.1.2 literal

1.1.3 punctuation

1.1.4 identifier:alpha,num, _

1.1.4.1 case: sensitive

1.1.4.2 charset: Unicodeet al

1.1.4.3 punctuation

$global variable

@instance variable

?method thatreturns bool

!change object thatcall it

= assignment

1.1.5 keywords

1.1.5.1 parser

__LINE__, __ENCODING__, __FILE__

BEGIN, END

alias, defined?, ensure, next, redo, rescue, retry,

and, not, or,

begin/end,def/undef,yield

return, break, case, do/until/while,when,if/else/elseif/then/unless, for/in

module,class,self, super, false/true, nil,

1.1.5.2 others

=begin, =end, __END__

1.1.5.3 Kernal, Module, Class, Object

1.1.6 blank

1.2 Syntactic structure句法结构: block& body

1.3 file structure

#!/usr/bin/ruby –w　　　　　　 shebang comment

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-　　　　coding comment

require ‘socket’　　　　　　　　　load library

…

__END__　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　end of code

…　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　program data goes here

1.4 program encoding

1.5 program execution: BEGIN block -> first line

2. datatypes & objects

2.1 number: Numeric:Integer(Fixnum, Bignum), Float, Complex,BigDecimal, Rational

2.1.1 integer literal

_: thousands separator

0:octal, 0b/0B:binary, 0x/0X:hexa

2.1.2 floating-point literal

2.2 text: String

2.2.1 string literal

‘’

“”

%,%q,%Q

``,%x

here document: <<, <<-label

2.2.2 character literal:?+char

2.2.3 string operator

<,>,<=,>=

casecmp,downcase,upcase

2.2.4 accessingcharacter & substring

[], length, size

Range

RegExp

2.2.5 iterating

each_byte,each_char, each_line,Ruby 1.9

2.2.6 string encoding& multibyte character

2.2.6.1 size: length,size, bytesize

2.2.6.2 encoding: encoding, force_encoding, encode, encode!, Encoding.compatible?,valid_encoding?

2.2.6.3 Encoding类: name, to_s, inspect, find, list, default_external, locale_charmap

2.3 array

2.3.1 size: length,size

2.3.2 literal: %w, %W

2.3.3 access: [], +, -,<<, *, |, &

2.4 hash

2.4.1 literal: {“one”=> 1}, {:one => 1}, {one: 1}

2.4.2 eql?, hash, rehash

2.5 range

2.5.1 <=>, include?,member?, cover?

2.6 symbol

2.6.1 %s, intern, to_sym

2.6.2 to string: to_s, id2name

2.7 true, false ,nil:nil?

2.8 object

2.8.1 reference

2.8.2 lifetime: new,initialize

2.8.3 identity:object_id, __id__

2.8.4 type: class, superclass, instance_of?, is_a?/kind_of?, ===, respond_to?

2.8.5 equality: equal?, ==, eql?, ===, =~

2.8.6 order: <=>, between?

2.8.7 convertion:

2.8.7.1 显式:to_s, to_i, to_f,to_a, inspect

2.8.7.2 隐式:to_str, to_int, to_hash, to_ary

2.8.7.3 try_convert

2.8.7.4 coerce

2.8.8 copy: clone, dup,initialize_copy

2.8.9 marshal编组:Marshal.dump保存对象状态,Marshal.load恢复

2.8.10 freeze: freeze, frozen?

2.8.11 taint污染: taint, tainted?, untaint, $SAFE

3. expression &operator

3.1 literal & keyword literal

3.2 variable reference

3.3 constant reference

3.4 method invocation

3.5 assignment

3.6 operator

operator

arity

associativity

modified?

operation

! ~ +

* / %

+ -

<< >>

| ^

< <= > >=

== === != =~ !~ó

.. …

rescue

**= *= /= %= += -=

<<= >>=

&&= &= ||= |= ^=

defined?

not

and or

if unless while until

4. statement &control structure

4.1 conditional

4.1.1 if/else/elsif

4.1.2 if modifier

4.1.3 unless &unless modifier

4.1.4 case/when/else

4.1.5 ?:

4.2 loop

4.2.1 while & until& modifier

4.2.2 for/in

4.3 iterator & enumerable object

4.3.1 numeric iterator:Integer.upto, downto, times

4.3.2 enumerable object

Array, Hash,Range.each

Enumerable:each_with_index,collect, select, reject, inject

4.3.3 custom: yield

4.3.4 enumerator:to_enum, enum_for, with_index

4.3.5 externaliterator: next, rewind

4.3.6 concurrent:创建copy

4.4 block

4.5 alter control flow: return, break, next, redo, retry, throw/catch

4.6 exception: raise, rescue, ensure

4.7 thread & fiber & continution线程,纤程,连续体: Thread, Fiber, Continuation/calcc

5. method & Proc & lambda & closure

5.1 definition: def/undef,undef_method

5.2 method name:

5.3 method & parentheses

5.4 method argument

5.4.1 parameterdefault: =

5.4.2 variable-length:*

5.4.3 mapping argument toparameter

5.4.4 hash for namedargument

5.4.5 block argument:&

5.5 Pro & Lambda

5.5.1 creatingproc

5.5.1.1 method invoke:&

5.5.1.2 Proc.new

5.5.1.3 Kernel.lambda

5.5.1.4 Kernel.proc: =Proc.newRuby 1.9

5.5.1.5 lambda literal:->(parameter list; local variables){code}, () is optional

5.5.2 invoke:Proc.call,[], .()

5.5.3 arity:Proc.arity

5.5.4 equality: ==,clone/dup时相等

5.6 closure: Proc.binding

5.7 method object: Object.method, Method.call, Method.arity, Method.to_proc, Method.name, owner, receiver

5.7.1unbound methodobject: UnboundMethod.bind, unbind, name, owner

5.8 functional programming

6. class &module

6.1 definition

6.1.1 create: classPoint end

6.1.2 instantiate:Point.new

6.1.3 initialize:initialize

6.1.4 to_s

6.1.5 accessor & attribute: attr, attr_reader,attr_accessor

6.1.6 operator: +, [],==

6.1.7 mutable: add!

6.1.8 class method: sef.

6.1.9 constant

6.1.10 class variable:@@

6.1.11 instancevariable: @

6.2 method visibility: pubic, protected, private;public_send,send, instance_eval

6.3 subclass & inheritance: <

6.3.1 inheriting method

6.3.2 overriding method

6.4 creation & initialization

6.4.1 new, allocate, initialize

6.4.2 factory method

6.4.3 dup, clone, initialize_copy

6.4.4 marshal_dump,marshal_load

6.4.5 singleton

6.5 module

6.5.1 namespace

6.5.2 mixin: include

6.5.3 includablenamespace module: module_function

6.6 load & require module

6.6.1 load path:$LOAD_PATH, $:

6.6.2 execute loadedcode

6.6.3 autoload module: autoload

6.7 singleton method & Eigenclass:<<

6.8 method lookup

6.9 constant lookup

7. reflecton & metaprogramming

7.1 type & class& module: .class, .superclass, .instance_of?, .is_a?, .kind_of?, ===, .respond_to?

7.1.1 ancestry &module: ancestors, include?, included_modules, Object.extend, Module.nesting

7.1.2 define class& module: Class, Module

7.2 evaluating string & block: Kernel.eval

7.2.1 Bindings & eval: Kernel.binding

7.2.2 instance_eval & class_eval

7.2.3 instance_exec & class_exec

7.3 variable & constant

7.4 method

7.4.1 test & list: methods, public_methods, protected_methods,private_methods, singleton_methods;instance_methods, public_instance_methods,protected_instance_methods,private_instance_methods;method_defined?,public_method_defined?,protected_method_defined?,private_method_defined?

7.4.2 obtain method:method, instance_method

7.4.3 invoke: method,call, send, public_method

7.4.4 define, undefined,alias: define_method, define_singleton_method,alias, alias_method; remove_method,undef_method

7.4.5 handle undefinedmethod: method_missing

7.4.6 visibility:class_eval, private_class_method,public_class_method

7.5 hook: inherited, included, extended,method_added,singleton_method_added,method_moved,method_undefined,singleton_method_moved,singleton_method_undefined

7.6 tracing: __FILE__, __LINE__,Exception.backtrace,Kernel.caller

7.7 ObjectSpace &GC:ObjectSpace.each_object, _id2ref, define_finalizer, undefined_finalizer,garbarge_collect,GC.start,disable, enable

7.8 custom control structure

7.8.1 delay &repeat: after, every

7.8.2 thread safety: Mutex.sychronize

7.9 missing method & costant: const_missing, method_missing

7.10 dynamicallycreating method: attr_reader, attr_accessor,class_eval,define_method

7.11 alias chaining:alias, def; alias_method,define_method, class_eval

7.12 domain-specificlanguange

8. ruby platform

8.1