dyld

DYLD(1)                                                                                              DYLD(1)NAME       dyld - the dynamic link editorSYNOPSIS       DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH       DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH       DYLD_VERSIONED_FRAMEWORK_PATH       DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH       DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH       DYLD_VERSIONED_LIBRARY_PATH       DYLD_ROOT_PATH       DYLD_SHARED_REGION       DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES       DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE       DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX       DYLD_PRINT_OPTS       DYLD_PRINT_ENV       DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES       DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES_POST_LAUNCH       DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH       DYLD_NO_FIX_PREBINDING       DYLD_DISABLE_DOFS       DYLD_PRINT_APIS       DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS       DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS       DYLD_PRINT_REBASINGS       DYLD_PRINT_SEGMENTS       DYLD_PRINT_STATISTICS       DYLD_PRINT_DOFS       DYLD_PRINT_RPATHS       DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR       DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DONT_VALIDATEDESCRIPTION       The  dynamic  linker uses the following environment variables.  They affect any program that uses the       dynamic linker.       DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH              This is a colon separated list of directories that contain  frameworks.   The  dynamic  linker              searches  these  directories  before  it  searches  for the framework by its install name.  It              allows you to test new versions of existing frameworks. (A framework is a library install name              that  ends  in the form XXX.framework/Versions/YYY/XXX or XXX.framework/XXX, where XXX and YYY              are any name.)              For each framework that a program uses, the dynamic linker looks for  the  framework  in  each              directory  in  DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH  in turn. If it looks in all the directories and can't find              the framework, it searches the directories in DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH in turn.  If  it  still  can't              find   the   framework,   it   then   searches   DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH  and  DYLD_FALL-              BACK_LIBRARY_PATH in turn.              Use the -L option to otool(1).  to discover the frameworks and shared libraries that the  exe-              cutable is linked against.       DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH              This  is  a  colon  separated  list of directories that contain frameworks.  It is used as the              default location for frameworks not found in their install path.              By   default,   it    is    set    to    /Library/Frameworks:/Network/Library/Frameworks:/Sys-              tem/Library/Frameworks       DYLD_VERSIONED_FRAMEWORK_PATH              This is a colon separated list of directories that contain potential override frameworks.  The              dynamic linker searches these directories for frameworks.  For each framework found dyld looks              at  its  LC_ID_DYLIB  and  gets the current_version and install name.  Dyld then looks for the              framework at the install name path.  Whichever has the larger current_version  value  will  be              used  in the process whenever a framework with that install name is required.  This is similar              to DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH except instead of always overriding, it only overrides is the  supplied              framework is newer.  Note: dyld does not check the framework's Info.plist to find its version.              Dyld only checks the -currrent_version number supplied when the framework was created.       DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH              This is a colon separated list of directories  that  contain  libraries.  The  dynamic  linker              searches  these  directories before it searches the default locations for libraries. It allows              you to test new versions of existing libraries.              For each library that a program uses, the dynamic linker looks for it  in  each  directory  in              DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH  in  turn.  If  it still can't find the library, it then searches DYLD_FALL-              BACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH and DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH in turn.              Use the -L option to otool(1).  to discover the frameworks and shared libraries that the  exe-              cutable is linked against.       DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH              This  is  a  colon  separated  list  of directories that contain libraries.  It is used as the              default location for libraries not found in their install path.  By  default,  it  is  set  to              $(HOME)/lib:/usr/local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib.       DYLD_VERSIONED_LIBRARY_PATH              This  is a colon separated list of directories that contain potential override libraries.  The              dynamic linker searches these directories for dynamic libraries.  For each library found  dyld              looks  at  its LC_ID_DYLIB and gets the current_version and install name.  Dyld then looks for              the library at the install name path.  Whichever has the larger current_version value will  be              used  in  the process whenever a dylib with that install name is required.  This is similar to              DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH except instead of always overriding,  it  only  overrides  is  the  supplied              library is newer.       DYLD_ROOT_PATH              This  is  a colon separated list of directories.  The dynamic linker will prepend each of this              directory paths to every image access until a file is found.       DYLD_SHARED_REGION              This can be "use" (the default), "avoid", or "private".  Setting it to "avoid" tells  dyld  to              not  use  the shared cache.  All OS dylibs are loaded dynamically just like every other dylib.              Setting it to "private" tells dyld to remove the shared region from the process address  space              and mmap() back in a private copy of the dyld shared cache in the shared region address range.              This is only useful if the shared cache on disk has been updated and  is  different  than  the              shared cache in use.       DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES              This  is  a colon separated list of dynamic libraries to load before the ones specified in the              program.  This lets you test new modules of existing dynamic shared libraries that are used in              flat-namespace images by loading a temporary dynamic shared library with just the new modules.              Note that this has no effect on images built a two-level  namespace  images  using  a  dynamic              shared library unless DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE is also used.       DYLD_FORCE_FLAT_NAMESPACE              Force all images in the program to be linked as flat-namespace images and ignore any two-level              namespace bindings.  This may cause programs to fail to execute with a multiply defined symbol              error if two-level namespace images are used to allow the images to have multiply defined sym-              bols.       DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX              This is set to a string of a suffix to try to be used for all shared  libraries  used  by  the              program.   For  libraries  ending  in ".dylib" the suffix is applied just before the ".dylib".              For all other libraries the suffix is appended to the library name.  This is useful for  using              conventional "_profile" and "_debug" libraries and frameworks.       DYLD_PRINT_OPTS              When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally standard error) the              command line options.       DYLD_PRINT_ENV              When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally standard error) the              environment variables.       DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES              When this is set, the dynamic linker writes to file descriptor 2 (normally standard error) the              filenames of the libraries the program is using.  This is useful to make sure that the use  of              DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH is getting what you want.       DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES_POST_LAUNCH              This  does  the same as DYLD_PRINT_LIBRARIES but the printing starts after the program gets to              its entry point.       DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH              When this is set, the dynamic linker binds all undefined symbols the program needs  at  launch              time.  This  includes function symbols that can are normally lazily bound at the time of their              first call.       DYLD_PRINT_STATISTICS              Right before the process's main() is called, dyld prints out information about how dyld  spent              its time.  Useful for analyzing launch performance.       DYLD_NO_FIX_PREBINDING              Normally, dyld will trigger the dyld shared cache to be regenerated if it notices the cache is              out of date while launching a process.  If this environment variable is  set,  dyld  will  not              trigger  a cache rebuild.  This is useful to set while installing a large set of OS dylibs, to              ensure the cache is not regenerated until the install is complete.       DYLD_DISABLE_DOFS              Causes dyld not register dtrace static probes with the kernel.       DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS              Causes dyld to print out a line when running each initializers in every  image.   Initializers              run  by dyld included constructors for C++ statically allocated objects, functions marked with              __attribute__((constructor)), and -init functions.       DYLD_PRINT_APIS              Causes dyld to print a line whenever a dyld API is called (e.g. NSAddImage()).       DYLD_PRINT_SEGMENTS              Causes dyld to print out a line containing the name and address range of each  mach-o  segment              that dyld maps.  In addition it prints information about if the image was from the dyld shared              cache.       DYLD_PRINT_BINDINGS              Causes dyld to print a line each time a symbolic name is bound.       DYLD_PRINT_DOFS              Causes dyld to print out information about dtrace static probes registered with the kernel.       DYLD_PRINT_RPATHS              Cause dyld  to print a line each time it expands an @rpath variable and whether that expansion              was successful or not.       DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR              This is a directory containing dyld shared cache files.  This variable can be used in conjunc-              tion with DYLD_SHARED_REGION=private and DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DONT_VALIDATE to run a process with              an alternate shared cache.       DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DONT_VALIDATE              Causes  dyld  to  not check that the inode and mod-time of files in the shared cache match the              requested dylib on disk. Thus a program can be made to run with the dylib in the shared  cache              even though the real dylib has been updated on disk.       DYNAMIC LIBRARY LOADING              Unlike  many  other  operating systems, Darwin does not locate dependent dynamic libraries via              their leaf file name.  Instead the full path to each  dylib  is  used  (e.g.  /usr/lib/libSys-              tem.B.dylib).  But there are times when a full path is not appropriate; for instance, may want              your binaries to be installable in anywhere on the disk.  To support  that,  there  are  three              @xxx/  variables that can be used as a path prefix.  At runtime dyld substitutes a dynamically              generated path for the @xxx/ prefix.       @executable_path/              This variable is replaced with the path to the directory containing the  main  executable  for              the  process.   This is useful for loading dylibs/frameworks embedded in a .app directory.  If              the main executable file is at /some/path/My.app/Contents/MacOS/My and a framework dylib  file              is  at  /some/path/My.app/Contents/Frameworks/Foo.framework/Versions/A/Foo, then the framework              load path could be encoded as @executable_path/../Frameworks/Foo.framework/Versions/A/Foo  and              the  .app  directory  could  be moved around in the file system and dyld will still be able to              load the embedded framework.       @loader_path/              This variable is replaced with the path to the directory containing the  mach-o  binary  which              contains  the load command using @loader_path. Thus, in every binary, @loader_path resolves to              a different path, whereas @executable_path always resolves to the same path.  @loader_path  is              useful  as the load path for a framework/dylib embedded in a plug-in, if the final file system              location of the plugin-in unknown (so absolute paths cannot be used) or if the plug-in is used              by  multiple  applications (so @executable_path cannot be used). If the plug-in mach-o file is              at  /some/path/Myfilter.plugin/Contents/MacOS/Myfilter  and  a  framework  dylib  file  is  at              /some/path/Myfilter.plugin/Contents/Frameworks/Foo.framework/Versions/A/Foo,  then  the frame-              work load path could be encoded as @loader_path/../Frameworks/Foo.framework/Versions/A/Foo and              the  Myfilter.plugin directory could be moved around in the file system and dyld will still be              able to load the embedded framework.       @rpath/              Dyld maintains a current stack of paths called the run path list.  When @rpath is  encountered              it  is  substituted  with each path in the run path list until a loadable dylib if found.  The              run path stack is built from the LC_RPATH load commands in the depencency chain that  lead  to              the  current  dylib  load.   You  can add an LC_RPATH load command to an image with the -rpath              option  to  ld(1).   You  can  even  add  a  LC_RPATH  load  command  path  that  starts  with              @loader_path/,  and  it will push a path on the run path stack that relative to the image con-              taining the LC_RPATH.  The use of @rpath is most useful when  you  have  a  complex  directory              structure  of  programs  and  dylibs  which can be installed anywhere, but keep their relative              positions.  This scenario could be implemented using @loader_path, but every client of a dylib              could  need  a different load path because its relative position in the file system is differ-              ent. The use of @rpath introduces a level of indirection that simplies  things.   You  pick  a              location in your directory structure as an anchor point.  Each dylib then gets an install path              that starts with @rpath and is the path to the dylib relative to the anchor point.  Each  main              executable  is  linked with -rpath @loader_path/zzz, where zzz is the path from the executable              to the anchor point.  At runtime dyld sets it run path to be the anchor point, then each dylib              is found relative to the anchor point.