《Fundamentals of Project Management 4th Edition》 读书笔记 第九章 项目控制和评估

CHAPTER 9 Project Control and Evaluation

 

控制是与计划对比当前进程，若有偏差则采取纠正性措施。控制的第一要素是信息，而不是权力。

Control is the act of comparing progress toplan so that corrective action can be taken when a deviation from plannedperformance occurs. This definition implies the use of information as theprimary ingredient of control, rather than power.

 

对项目的控制最终要落实到每个人对自己工作的控制。控制不意味着微管理。

Ultimately, the only way to control aproject is for every member of the project team to be in control of his ownwork. A project manager can achieve control at the macro level only if it is achievedat the micro level. However, this does not mean that you should practicemicromanaging! It actually means that you should set up conditions under whichevery team member can achieve control of his own efforts. To do this requiresfive basic conditions. To achieve self-control, team members need:

每个人能够控制自己的工作，需要：明确的工作定义，个人工作计划，技能，从工作得来的直接反馈，对他能够进行偏差更正性行动的职权说明。

1. A clear definition of what they aresupposed to be doing, with the purpose stated

2. A personal plan for how to do therequired work

3. Skills and resources adequate to thetask

4. Feedback on progress that comes directlyfrom the work itself

5. A clear definition of their authority totake corrective action when there is a deviation from plan (and it cannot bezero!)

 

如果对偏差没有纠正性措施，则只是监视，而不是控制。

A control system should focus onresponse—if control data do not result in action, then the system isineffective. That is, if a control system does not use deviation data toinitiate corrective action, it is not really a control system but simply amonitoring system.

 

一旦出现偏差，管理者有可能会惊慌，而陷入微管理，结果反倒延缓了问题的解决。

One caution here, though. I once knew amanager whose response to a deviation was to go into the panic mode and begin micromanaging.He then got in the way of people trying to solve the problem and actuallyslowed them down. Had he left them alone, they would have solved their problemmuch faster.

 

若要得到精确的状态信息，需要经常进行状态跟踪活动。所以就需要每天进行状态汇报，而不是每周，因为每周汇报的话就会忘记自己曾做过的工作。

Ultimately, you want to find out how manyhours people actually work on your project and compare that figure to what wasplanned for them. This means that you want accurate data. In some cases, peoplefill out weekly time reports without having written down their working timesdaily. That results in a bunch of fiction, since most of us cannot remember withany accuracy what we did a week ago.

 

让人们记录每天做过的事情，其实是很难的，但必须要这样。

As difficult as it may be to do, you need toget people to record their working times daily so that the data will meansomething when you collect them.

 

若信息收集有太久延迟，则不利于控制，因为此时采取纠正性措施就有可能不再符合实际。

When information collection is delayed fortoo long, the manager may end up making things worse, instead of better.

 

一种控制系统并不适用于所有项目，大项目需要大量的文字工作，而小项目则不需那么多。

One control system is not likely to becorrect for all projects. It may need to be scaled down for small projects andbeefed up for large ones. Generally, a control system adequate for a largeproject will overwhelm a small one with paperwork, while one that is good for smallprojects won’t have enough clout for a big project.

 

控制有两方面的用处，一是保持项目在正规上，二是要进行绩效的提高改进。有三种review要周期性地进行：状态review、过程和经验教训学习review，及设计review。

There are two aspects to project control.One can be called maintenance and the other aims at improvement of performance.The maintenance review just tries to keep the project on track. The improvementreview tries to help project teams improve performance. Three kinds of reviewsare routinely conducted to achieve these purposes. They are:

1. Status reviews

2. Process or lessons-learned reviews

3. Design reviews

 

为了能够总结经验教训，必须有反馈和回顾。

In order to learn, we must have feedback. Furthermore,we tend to learn more from mistakes than from successes, painful though that maybe to admit.

 

 

每3个月或每个里程碑时都要进行过程review。

Process reviews should be done at major milestonesin the project or every three months, whichever come first, so that learning cantake place as the job progresses.

 

有两个问题需要问：我们有哪些做的好的地方？我们有哪些地方可以改进？注意不要问“我们哪里做错了？”这样会让人变得戒备。

Two questions should be asked in thereview. The first is“What have we done well so far?,” and the second is “What do we wantto improve (or do better) in the future?” Notice that I am not asking “Whathave we done badly?” That question serves only to make everyone defensive,because people will assume that you will punish them for things done wrong.Furthermore, there is always the possibility that nothing has been done wrong, butthere is always room to improve.

 

项目评估，就是看当前的项目状态是否可接受，项目是否继续或者撤销。

To evaluate a project is to attempt todetermine whether the overall status of the work is acceptable, in terms ofintended value to the client once the job is finished.

 

Project evaluation is done to determinewhether a project should continue or be canceled. Process reviews also should helpthe team learn in order to improve performance.