_beginThreadex 创建多线程解读

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_beginThreadex创建多线程解读

一、需要的头文件支持

#include <process.h> // for _beginthread()

需要的设置:ProjectàSetting-->C/C++-->User run-time library 选择Debug Multithreaded 或者Multithreaded。即使用: MT或MTD。

源码如下:

[cpp] view plaincopyprint?
  1. #include <stdio.h>
  2. #include <string> // for STL string class
  3. #include <windows.h> // for HANDLE
  4. #include <process.h> // for _beginthread()
  5. using namespace std;
  6. class ThreadX
  7. {
  8. private:
  9. int loopStart;
  10. int loopEnd;
  11. int dispFrequency;
  12. public:
  13. string threadName;
  14. ThreadX( int startValue, int endValue, int frequency )
  15. {
  16. loopStart = startValue;
  17. loopEnd = endValue;
  18. dispFrequency = frequency;
  19. }
  20. static unsigned __stdcall ThreadStaticEntryPoint(void * pThis)
  21. {
  22. ThreadX * pthX = (ThreadX*)pThis; // the tricky cast
  23. pthX->ThreadEntryPoint(); // now call the true entry-point-function
  24. return 1; // the thread exit code
  25. }
  26. void ThreadEntryPoint()
  27. {
  28. for (int i = loopStart; i <= loopEnd; ++i)
  29. {
  30. if (i % dispFrequency == 0)
  31. {
  32. printf( "%s: i = %d\n", threadName.c_str(), i );
  33. }
  34. }
  35. printf( "%s thread terminating\n", threadName.c_str() );
  36. }
  37. };
  38. int main()
  39. {
  40. ThreadX * o1 = new ThreadX( 0, 1, 2000 );
  41. HANDLE hth1;
  42. unsigned uiThread1ID;
  43. hth1 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL,// security
  44. 0, // stack size
  45. ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint,
  46. o1, // arg list
  47. CREATE_SUSPENDED, // so we can later call ResumeThread()
  48. &uiThread1ID );
  49. if ( hth1 == 0 )
  50. printf("Failed to create thread 1\n");
  51. DWORD dwExitCode;
  52. GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode ); // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259
  53. printf( "initial thread 1 exit code = %u\n", dwExitCode );
  54. o1->threadName = "t1";
  55. ThreadX * o2 = new ThreadX( -100000, 0, 2000 );
  56. HANDLE hth2;
  57. unsigned uiThread2ID;
  58. hth2 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL,// security
  59. 0, // stack size
  60. ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint,
  61. o2, // arg list
  62. CREATE_SUSPENDED, // so we can later call ResumeThread()
  63. &uiThread2ID );
  64. if ( hth2 == 0 )
  65. printf("Failed to create thread 2\n");
  66. GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode ); // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259
  67. printf( "initial thread 2 exit code = %u\n", dwExitCode );
  68. o2->threadName = "t2";
  69. ResumeThread( hth1 ); // serves the purpose of Jaeschke's t1->Start()
  70. ResumeThread( hth2 );
  71. WaitForSingleObject( hth1, INFINITE );
  72. WaitForSingleObject( hth2, INFINITE );
  73. GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode );
  74. printf( "thread 1 exited with code %u\n", dwExitCode );
  75. GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode );
  76. printf( "thread 2 exited with code %u\n", dwExitCode );
  77. CloseHandle( hth1 );
  78. CloseHandle( hth2 );
  79. delete o1;
  80. o1 = NULL;
  81. delete o2;
  82. o2 = NULL;
  83. printf("Primary thread terminating.\n");
  84. return 0;
  85. }
#include <stdio.h>#include <string>             // for STL string class#include <windows.h>          // for HANDLE#include <process.h>          // for _beginthread()using namespace std;class ThreadX{private:  int loopStart;  int loopEnd;  int dispFrequency;public:  string threadName;  ThreadX( int startValue, int endValue, int frequency )  {loopStart = startValue;loopEnd = endValue;dispFrequency = frequency;  }  static unsigned __stdcall ThreadStaticEntryPoint(void * pThis)  {  ThreadX * pthX = (ThreadX*)pThis;   // the tricky cast  pthX->ThreadEntryPoint();           // now call the true entry-point-function  return 1;      // the thread exit code  }  void ThreadEntryPoint()  {for (int i = loopStart; i <= loopEnd; ++i){  if (i % dispFrequency == 0)  {  printf( "%s: i = %d\n", threadName.c_str(), i );  }}printf( "%s thread terminating\n", threadName.c_str() );  }};int main(){    ThreadX * o1 = new ThreadX( 0, 1, 2000 );    HANDLE   hth1;    unsigned  uiThread1ID;    hth1 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL,         // security                                   0,            // stack size                                   ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint,                                   o1,           // arg list                                   CREATE_SUSPENDED,  // so we can later call ResumeThread()                                   &uiThread1ID );    if ( hth1 == 0 )        printf("Failed to create thread 1\n");    DWORD   dwExitCode;    GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode );  // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259    printf( "initial thread 1 exit code = %u\n", dwExitCode );    o1->threadName = "t1";    ThreadX * o2 = new ThreadX( -100000, 0, 2000 );    HANDLE   hth2;    unsigned  uiThread2ID;    hth2 = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL,         // security                                   0,            // stack size                                   ThreadX::ThreadStaticEntryPoint,                                   o2,           // arg list                                   CREATE_SUSPENDED,  // so we can later call ResumeThread()                                   &uiThread2ID );    if ( hth2 == 0 )        printf("Failed to create thread 2\n");    GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode );  // should be STILL_ACTIVE = 0x00000103 = 259    printf( "initial thread 2 exit code = %u\n", dwExitCode );    o2->threadName = "t2";    ResumeThread( hth1 );   // serves the purpose of Jaeschke's t1->Start()    ResumeThread( hth2 );       WaitForSingleObject( hth1, INFINITE );    WaitForSingleObject( hth2, INFINITE );    GetExitCodeThread( hth1, &dwExitCode );    printf( "thread 1 exited with code %u\n", dwExitCode );    GetExitCodeThread( hth2, &dwExitCode );    printf( "thread 2 exited with code %u\n", dwExitCode );    CloseHandle( hth1 );    CloseHandle( hth2 );    delete o1;    o1 = NULL;    delete o2;    o2 = NULL;    printf("Primary thread terminating.\n");return 0;}

二、解释

(1)如果你正在编写C/C++代码,决不应该调用CreateThread。相反,应该使用VisualC++运行期库函数_beginthreadex,退出也应该使用_endthreadex。如果不使用Microsoft的VisualC++编译器,你的编译器供应商有它自己的CreateThread替代函数。不管这个替代函数是什么,你都必须使用。

(2)因为_beginthreadex和_endthreadex是CRT线程函数,所以必须注意编译选项runtimelibaray的选择,使用MTMTD。[MultiThreaded , Debug MultiThreaded]。

(3)_beginthreadex函数的参数列表与CreateThread函数的参数列表是相同的,但是参数名和类型并不完全相同。这是因为Microsoft的C/C++运行期库的开发小组认为,C/C++运行期函数不应该对Windows数据类型有任何依赖。_beginthreadex函数也像CreateThread那样,返回新创建的线程的句柄。

下面是关于_beginthreadex的一些要点:

1)每个线程均获得由C/C++运行期库的堆栈分配的自己的tiddata内存结构。(tiddata结构位于Mtdll.h文件中的VisualC++源代码中)。

2)传递给_beginthreadex的线程函数的地址保存在tiddata内存块中。传递给该函数的参数也保存在该数据块中。

3)_beginthreadex确实从内部调用CreateThread,因为这是操作系统了解如何创建新线程的唯一方法。

4)当调用CreatetThread时,它被告知通过调用_threadstartex而不是pfnStartAddr来启动执行新线程。还有,传递给线程函数的参数是tiddata结构而不是pvParam的地址。

5)如果一切顺利,就会像CreateThread那样返回线程句柄。如果任何操作失败了,便返回NULL。

(4)_endthreadex的一些要点:

C运行期库的_getptd函数内部调用操作系统的TlsGetValue函数,该函数负责检索调用线程的tiddata内存块的地址。

然后该数据块被释放,而操作系统的ExitThread函数被调用,以便真正撤消该线程。当然,退出代码要正确地设置和传递。

(5)虽然也提供了简化版的的_beginthread和_endthread,但是可控制性太差,所以一般不使用。

(6)线程handle因为是内核对象,所以需要在最后closehandle。

(7)更多的API:

HANDLE GetCurrentProcess();

HANDLE GetCurrentThread();

DWORD GetCurrentProcessId();

DWORD GetCurrentThreadId()。

DWORD SetThreadIdealProcessor(HANDLE hThread,DWORDdwIdealProcessor);

BOOL SetThreadPriority(HANDLE hThread,int nPriority);

BOOL SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(), IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS);

BOOL GetThreadContext(HANDLE hThread,PCONTEXTpContext);

BOOL SwitchToThread();

三、注意

(1)C++主线程的终止,同时也会终止所有主线程创建的子线程,不管子线程有没有执行完毕。所以上面的代码中如果不调用WaitForSingleObject,则2个子线程t1和t2可能并没有执行完毕或根本没有执行。

(2)如果某线程挂起,然后有调用WaitForSingleObject等待该线程,就会导致死锁。所以上面的代码如果不调用resumethread,则会死锁。

四、为什么用_beginthreadex而不是CreateThread?

为什么要用C运行时库的_beginthreadex代替操作系统的CreateThread来创建线程?

来源自自19997MSJ杂志的《Win32 Q&A》栏目

你也许会说我一直用CreateThread来创建线程,一直都工作得好好的,为什么要用_beginthreadex来代替CreateThread,下面让我来告诉你为什么。

回答一个问题可以有两种方式,一种是简单的,一种是复杂的。

如果你不愿意看下面的长篇大论,那我可以告诉你简单的答案:_beginthreadex在内部调用了CreateThread,在调用之前_beginthreadex做了很多的工作,从而使得它比CreateThread更安全

转载一部分,自己总结了一部分。

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