Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern) 之二
来源:互联网 发布:二分查找法的算法过程 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/06/12 14:41
上一篇博文中介绍了观察者模式,并且实现了“推”的方式的代码,但是关于“拉”模式的介绍很少,网上很多材料介绍的拉模式其实根本不是观察者模式,下面通过一些分析来看看JDK里面是怎么实现的
本书介绍了Java 中内置的观察者模式:
import java.util.Observable;import java.util.Observer;public class WeatherData extends Observable{private float temperature;private float humidity;private float pressure;//在这里我们不需要追踪观察者了,也不需要管理注册与删除(让超类代劳即可).//把注册、添加、通知的相关代码删除public WeatherData(){//我们的构造器不再需要为了记住观察者们而建立数据结构了}public void measurementsChanged(){setChanged();notifyObservers();}public void setMeasurements(float temperature,float humidity,float pressure){this.temperature = temperature;this.humidity = humidity;this.pressure = pressure;measurementsChanged();}public float getTemperature(){return temperature;}public float getHumidity(){return humidity;}public float getPressure(){return pressure;}}
import java.util.Observable;import java.util.Observer;public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer{Observable observable;private float temperature;private float humidity;public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable){this.observable = observable;observable.addObserver(this);}@Overridepublic void update(Observable obs, Object arg) {// TODO Auto-generated method stubif(obs instanceof WeatherData){WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData) obs;this.temperature = weatherData.getTemperature();this.humidity = weatherData.getHumidity();display();}}public void display(){System.out.println("Current conditions:" + temperature + "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");}}
public class Test {public static void main(String[] arg){WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditionsDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);weatherData.setMeasurements(82,70,29.2f);}}结果是和之前相同的。
开始的时候我看到这里就没有完全搞懂:
假如Subject 的内容发生了变化,那么它就改变标志位。观察者采用拉的方式从Subject 取得数据。想不明白的一件事情是:观察者怎么立即知道Subject 有变化?我自己YY了一种实现。就是当Subject 发生变化时,不需要通知观察者,但是要让Observer 进行Update。这就像订报纸,报纸每天更新之后放到信箱里面去,订报人想起来的时候,去信箱看一下,假若有新的报纸,那么消息就传出来了。但是,这种想法有些局限1)时效性,不能在发生变化的同时更新 2)每一个观察者都需要一个线程,来定时的获取信息。
这是与观察者模式出发点是不同的,有些博客上说是另外一种模式,可能有它的应用场景。
后来问了一下同学,查看JDK中的代码,发现其内部的实现和推的模式是类似的,也是有一个结构来维护Subject要通知的对象。只是现在当Subject 里面调用notifyObserver 的时候会带着Subject 的引用,Observer 需要根据这个引用再多走一步去Subject里面取得自己所需要的数据
/* * Copyright (c) 1994, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms. */package java.util;/** * This class represents an observable object, or "data" * in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an * object that the application wants to have observed. * <p> * An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer * may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an * observable instance changes, an application calling the * <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method * causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call * to their <code>update</code> method. * <p> * The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified. * The default implementation provided in the Observable class will * notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but * subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their * subclass follows this order, as they choose. * <p> * Note that this notification mechanism is has nothing to do with threads * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt> * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>. * <p> * When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is * empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the * <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them. * * @author Chris Warth * @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers() * @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object) * @see java.util.Observer * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object) * @since JDK1.0 */public class Observable { private boolean changed = false; private Vector obs; /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */ public Observable() { obs = new Vector(); } /** * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set. * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple * observers is not specified. See the class comment. * * @param o an observer to be added. * @throws NullPointerException if the parameter o is null. */ public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) { if (o == null) throw new NullPointerException(); if (!obs.contains(o)) { obs.addElement(o); } } /** * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object. * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect. * @param o the observer to be deleted. */ public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) { obs.removeElement(o); } /** * If this object has changed, as indicated by the * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to * indicate that this object has no longer changed. * <p> * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other * words, this method is equivalent to: * <blockquote><tt> * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote> * * @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged() * @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged() * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object) */ public void notifyObservers() { notifyObservers(null); } /** * If this object has changed, as indicated by the * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate * that this object has no longer changed. * <p> * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument. * * @param arg any object. * @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged() * @see java.util.Observable#hasChanged() * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object) */ public void notifyObservers(Object arg) { /* * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of * current Observers. */ Object[] arrLocal; synchronized (this) { /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor. * The code where we extract each Observable from * the Vector and store the state of the Observer * needs synchronization, but notifying observers * does not (should not). The worst result of any * potential race-condition here is that: * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a * notification in progress * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be * wrongly notified when it doesn't care */ if (!changed) return; arrLocal = obs.toArray(); clearChanged(); } for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--) ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg); } /** * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers. */ public synchronized void deleteObservers() { obs.removeAllElements(); } /** * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>. */ protected synchronized void setChanged() { changed = true; } /** * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change, * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>. * This method is called automatically by the * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods. * * @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers() * @see java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object) */ protected synchronized void clearChanged() { changed = false; } /** * Tests if this object has changed. * * @return <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code> * method has been called more recently than the * <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object; * <code>false</code> otherwise. * @see java.util.Observable#clearChanged() * @see java.util.Observable#setChanged() */ public synchronized boolean hasChanged() { return changed; } /** * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object. * * @return the number of observers of this object. */ public synchronized int countObservers() { return obs.size(); }}
/* * Copyright (c) 1994, 1998, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms. */package java.util;/** * A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it * wants to be informed of changes in observable objects. * * @author Chris Warth * @see java.util.Observable * @since JDK1.0 */public interface Observer { /** * This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An * application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's * <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's * observers notified of the change. * * @param o the observable object. * @param arg an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code> * method. */ void update(Observable o, Object arg);}
“推”的方式是指,Subject维护一份观察者的列表,每当有更新发生,Subject会把更新消息主动推送到各个Observer去。“拉”的方式是指,Subject 变化时给Observer 一个通知,然后由Observer自行决定用合适的方式去Subject获取相应的更新数据。
“推”的好处包括:
1、高效。如果没有更新发生,不会有任何更新消息推送的动作,即每次消息推送都发生在确确实实的更新事件之后,都是有意义的。
2、实时。事件发生后的第一时间即可触发通知操作。
3、可以由Subject确立通知的时间,可以避开一些繁忙时间。
4、可以表达出不同事件发生的先后顺序。
“拉”的好处包括:
1、Observer可以不理会它不关心的变更事件,只需要去获取自己感兴趣的事件即可。
2、Observer可以自行决定获取更新事件的时间和方式。
3、拉的形式可以让Subject更好地控制各个Observer每次查询更新的访问权限,因为Observer 是利用Subject 的getter方法来获取数据。
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern) 之二
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern)
- Head-first设计模式(二)——观察者模式(Observer Pattern)
- Head First设计模式之观察者模式(Observer Pattern)
- head first 设计模式之----Observer pattern
- Head First 设计模式 (二) 观察者模式(observer pattern) C++实现
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern)——Python实现(1)
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern)——Python实现(2)
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern)——Python实现(3)
- Head First设计模式—观察者模式
- 设计模式之观察者模式(Observer Pattern)(二)
- 设计模式之观察者模式(Observer Pattern)
- 设计模式之观察者模式---Observer Pattern
- 《Head First Design Patterns》笔记二:观察者模式(Observer Pattern)
- 《Head First 设计模式》之观察者模式
- 《Head First 设计模式》之观察者模式
- head first设计模式之观察者模式
- head first 设计模式之---------观察者模式
- 与服务器实时交互的小shell
- 在百度开放云平台上构建Web App
- 斯坦福大学自然语言处理第五课“拼写纠错(Spelling Correction)”
- 查找目录下的所有文件中是否含有某个字符串 linux
- OpenCv学习(一) OpenCv2.4.4在VS2010中的配置
- Head First 设计模式——观察者模式(Observer Pattern) 之二
- oracle的后台进程杀掉会有什么影响
- 《TCP/IP协议详解》第十章 动态选路协议
- android-smack
- Java守护线程-没什么意义
- expect的基本用法
- 算法转载链接
- ObjC学习1-传说中的黑苹果及开发基础学习
- 关于使用vim的小技巧 (O命令延时)