Nutch源代码研究 网页抓取 下载插件

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今天我们来看看Nutch的源代码中的protocol-http插件,是如何抓取和下载web页面的。protocol-http就两个类HttpRespose和Http类,其中HttpRespose主要是向web服务器发请求来获取响应,从而下载页面。Http类则非常简单,其实可以说是HttpResponse的一个Facade,设置配置信息,然后创建HttpRespose。用户似乎只需要和Http类打交道就行了(我也没看全,所以只是猜测)。 
我们来看看HttpResponse类: 
看这个类的源码需要从构造函数 
public HttpResponse(HttpBase http, URL url, CrawlDatum datum) throws ProtocolException, IOException开始 

首先判断协议是否为http 

if (!"http".equals(url.getProtocol()))      throw new HttpException("Not an HTTP url:" + url);

获得路径,如果url.getFile()的为空直接返回”/”,否则返回url.getFile() 
String path = "".equals(url.getFile()) ? "/" : url.getFile(); 

然后根据url获取到主机名和端口名。如果端口不存在,则端口默认为80,请求的地址将不包括端口号portString= "",否则获取到端口号,并得到portString 

String host = url.getHost();    int port;    String portString;    if (url.getPort() == -1) {      port= 80;      portString= "";    } else {      port= url.getPort();      portString= ":" + port;}


然后创建socket,并且设置连接超时的时间: 

socket = new Socket();                    // create the socket socket.setSoTimeout(http.getTimeout());

根据是否使用代理来得到socketHost和socketPort: 

String sockHost = http.useProxy() ? http.getProxyHost() : host;int sockPort = http.useProxy() ? http.getProxyPort() : port;

创建InetSocketAddress,并且开始建立连接: 

InetSocketAddress sockAddr= new InetSocketAddress(sockHost, sockPort);socket.connect(sockAddr, http.getTimeout());

获取输入流: 

// make request      OutputStream req = socket.getOutputStream();

以下代码用来向服务器发Get请求: 

StringBuffer reqStr = new StringBuffer("GET ");      if (http.useProxy()) {         reqStr.append(url.getProtocol()+"://"+host+portString+path);      } else {         reqStr.append(path);      }      reqStr.append(" HTTP/1.0\r\n");      reqStr.append("Host: ");      reqStr.append(host);      reqStr.append(portString);      reqStr.append("\r\n");      reqStr.append("Accept-Encoding: x-gzip, gzip\r\n");      String userAgent = http.getUserAgent();      if ((userAgent == null) || (userAgent.length() == 0)) {        if (Http.LOG.isFatalEnabled()) { Http.LOG.fatal("User-agent is not set!"); }      } else {        reqStr.append("User-Agent: ");        reqStr.append(userAgent);        reqStr.append("\r\n");      }      reqStr.append("\r\n");      byte[] reqBytes= reqStr.toString().getBytes();      req.write(reqBytes);      req.flush();

接着来处理相应,获得输入流并且包装成PushbackInputStream来方便操作: 

PushbackInputStream in =                  // process response        new PushbackInputStream(          new BufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream(), Http.BUFFER_SIZE),           Http.BUFFER_SIZE) ;

提取状态码和响应中的HTML的header: 

boolean haveSeenNonContinueStatus= false;      while (!haveSeenNonContinueStatus) {        // parse status code line        this.code = parseStatusLine(in, line);         // parse headers        parseHeaders(in, line);        haveSeenNonContinueStatus= code != 100; // 100 is "Continue"      }

接着读取内容: 

readPlainContent(in);

获取内容的格式,如果是压缩的则处理压缩

String contentEncoding = getHeader(Response.CONTENT_ENCODING);      if ("gzip".equals(contentEncoding) || "x-gzip".equals(contentEncoding)) {        content = http.processGzipEncoded(content, url);      } else {        if (Http.LOG.isTraceEnabled()) {          Http.LOG.trace("fetched " + content.length + " bytes from " + url);        }      }

整个过程结束。 
下面我们来看看parseStatusLine parseHeaders  readPlainContent以及readChunkedContent的过程。 

private int parseStatusLine(PushbackInputStream in, StringBuffer line) 
throws IOException, HttpException: 
这个函数主要来提取响应得状态,例如200 OK这样的状态码: 

请求的状态行一般格式(例如响应Ok的话) HTTP/1.1 200" 或 "HTTP/1.1 200 OK 

int codeStart = line.indexOf(" ");int codeEnd = line.indexOf(" ", codeStart+1);


如果是第一种情况: 

if (codeEnd == -1)       codeEnd = line.length();

状态码结束(200)位置便是line.length() 
否则状态码结束(200)位置就是line.indexOf(" ", codeStart+1); 
接着开始提取状态码: 
int code;    try {      code= Integer.parseInt(line.substring(codeStart+1, codeEnd));    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {      throw new HttpException("bad status line '" + line                               + "': " + e.getMessage(), e);}

下面看看 

private void parseHeaders(PushbackInputStream in, StringBuffer line)throws IOException, HttpException:

这个函数主要是将响应的headers加入我们已经建立的结构header的Metadata中。 

一个循环读取headers: 
一般HTTP response的header部分和内容部分会有一个空行,使用readLine如果是空行就会返回读取的字符数为0,具体readLine实现看完这个函数在仔细看: 
while (readLine(in, line, true) != 0) 

   如果没有空行,那紧接着就是正文了,正文一般会以<!DOCTYPE、<HTML、<html开头。如果读到的一行中包含这个,那么header部分就读完了。 

      // handle HTTP responses with missing blank line after headers      int pos;      if ( ((pos= line.indexOf("<!DOCTYPE")) != -1)            || ((pos= line.indexOf("<HTML")) != -1)            || ((pos= line.indexOf("<html")) != -1) ) 

 


   接着把多读的那部分压回流中,并设置那一行的长度为pos 

       in.unread(line.substring(pos).getBytes("UTF-8"));        line.setLength(pos);


   接着把对一行的处理委托给processHeaderLine(line)来处理: 

        try {            //TODO: (CM) We don't know the header names here            //since we're just handling them generically. It would            //be nice to provide some sort of mapping function here            //for the returned header names to the standard metadata            //names in the ParseData class          processHeaderLine(line);       } catch (Exception e) {          // fixme:          e.printStackTrace(LogUtil.getErrorStream(Http.LOG));        }        return;      }      processHeaderLine(line);


下面我们看看如何处理一行header的: 
private void processHeaderLine(StringBuffer line) 
throws IOException, HttpException 
请求的头一般格式: 
Cache-Control: private 
Date: Fri, 14 Dec 2007 15:32:06 GMT 
Content-Length: 7602 
Content-Type: text/html 
Server: Microsoft-IIS/6.0 

这样我们就比较容易理解下面的代码了: 

int colonIndex = line.indexOf(":");       // key is up to colon


如果没有”:”并且这行不是空行则抛出HttpException异常 

    if (colonIndex == -1) {      int i;      for (i= 0; i < line.length(); i++)        if (!Character.isWhitespace(line.charAt(i)))          break;      if (i == line.length())        return;      throw new HttpException("No colon in header:" + line);}


否则,可以可以提取出键-值对了: 
key为0~colonIndex部分,然后过滤掉开始的空白字符,作为value部分。 

最后放到headers中: 

    String key = line.substring(0, colonIndex);    int valueStart = colonIndex+1;            // skip whitespace    while (valueStart < line.length()) {      int c = line.charAt(valueStart);      if (c != ' ' && c != '\t')       break;      valueStart++;    }    String value = line.substring(valueStart);    headers.set(key, value);


下面我们看看用的比较多的辅助函数 
private static int readLine(PushbackInputStream in, StringBuffer line, 
                      boolean allowContinuedLine) throws IOException 

代码的实现: 
开始设置line的长度为0不断的读,直到c!=-1,对于每个c: 

如果是\r并且下一个字符是\n则读入\r,如果是\n,并且如果line.length() > 0,也就是这行前面已经有非空白字符,并且还允许连续行,在读一个字符,如果是’ ’或者是\t说明此行仍未结束,读入该字符,一行结束,返回读取的实际长度。其他情况下直接往line追加所读的字符: 

    line.setLength(0);    for (int c = in.read(); c != -1; c = in.read()) {      switch (c) {        case '\r':          if (peek(in) == '\n') {            in.read();          }        case '\n':           if (line.length() > 0) {            // at EOL -- check for continued line if the current            // (possibly continued) line wasn't blank            if (allowContinuedLine)               switch (peek(in)) {                case ' ' : case '\t':                   // line is continued                  in.read();                  continue;              }          }          return line.length();      // else complete        default :          line.append((char)c);      }    }    throw new EOFException();  }


接着看如何读取内容的,也就是 
private void readPlainContent(InputStream in) 
throws HttpException, IOException的实现: 

首先从headers(在此之前已经读去了headers放到metadata中了)中获取响应的长度, 

int contentLength = Integer.MAX_VALUE;    // get content length    String contentLengthString = headers.get(Response.CONTENT_LENGTH);    if (contentLengthString != null) {      contentLengthString = contentLengthString.trim();      try {        contentLength = Integer.parseInt(contentLengthString);      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {       throw new HttpException("bad content length: "+contentLengthString);      }}


如果大于http.getMaxContent()(这个值在配置文件中http.content.limit来配置), 

则截取maxContent那么长的字段: 

    if (http.getMaxContent() >= 0     && contentLength > http.getMaxContent())   // limit download size      contentLength  = http.getMaxContent();    ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(Http.BUFFER_SIZE);    byte[] bytes = new byte[Http.BUFFER_SIZE];    int length = 0;                           // read content    for (int i = in.read(bytes); i != -1; i = in.read(bytes)) {      out.write(bytes, 0, i);      length += i;      if (length >= contentLength)        break;    }    content = out.toByteArray();  }