JUnit Test in Spring Context with JNDI Data Source

Trigger: SpringJUnit4ClassRunner Failed to load ApplicationContext

java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext         at org.springframework.test.context.CacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(CacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:99)         at org.springframework.test.context.TestContext.getApplicationContext(TestContext.java:122)         at org.springframework.test.context.web.ServletTestExecutionListener.setUpRequestContextIfNecessary(ServletTestExecutionListener.java:105)         at org.springframework.test.context.web.ServletTestExecutionListener.prepareTestInstance(ServletTestExecutionListener.java:74)         at org.springframework.test.context.TestContextManager.prepareTestInstance(TestContextManager.java:312)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.createTest(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:211)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner$1.runReflectiveCall(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:288)         at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.methodBlock(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:284)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:231)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:88)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.java:61)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.java:71)         at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300)         at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.run(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:174)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:50)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:467)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:683)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:390)         at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:197)Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in URL [file:/D:/eclipse_workspace/bank-api/target/classes/spring.xml]: Invocation of init method failed; nested exception is javax.naming.NoInitialContextException: Need to specify class name in environment or system property, or as an applet parameter, or in an application resource file:  java.naming.factory.initial

I didn't know since when my unit tests were unable to run, all tests with SpringJUnit4ClassRunner Failed to load ApplicationContext. I googled this error but didn't find a clue until I hit this post: reference 1,
Quote: When you run your testcases, you will want to use JDBC instead of JNDI lookup. The simple reason is because you usually don't run your testcases from the application server. Thus, JNDI lookup will fail.
then I realized that JNDI configuration caused my problem and I had to pay more attention to the application context configuration if I want to perform JUnit test in spring. Unfortunately, I don't think the above post's separate application context files solution is elegant enough.

Solution Suits Me
After some homework, I find this solution fits me well:
(1) Employ the profile feature since spring framework 3.1;
(2) Base on (1), apply nested <beans/> elements;
Thereby, we don't have to split application context file into multiple files, and it's unnecessary to import resource now.

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"     xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"     xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"     xsi:schemaLocation="...">     <bean id="transferService" class="com.bank.service.internal.DefaultTransferService">         <constructor-arg ref="accountRepository"/>         <constructor-arg ref="feePolicy"/>     </bean>     <bean id="accountRepository" class="com.bank.repository.internal.JdbcAccountRepository">         <constructor-arg ref="dataSource"/>     </bean>     <bean id="feePolicy" class="com.bank.service.internal.ZeroFeePolicy"/>     <beans profile="test">         <bean id="dataSource"class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"p:driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" p:url="jdbc:mysql://10.0.2.53:3306/banker"p:username="root" p:password="#$asd123" />     </beans>     <beans profile="production">         <jee:jndi-lookup id="dataSource" jndi-name="java:comp/env/jdbc/banker" expected-type="javax.sql.DataSource" />     </beans> </beans> 

(3) Update web.xml

<context-param><param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name><param-value>classpath:spring.xml</param-value></context-param><context-param><param-name>spring.profiles.active</param-name><param-value>production</param-value></context-param><servlet><servlet-name>spring</servlet-name><servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class><init-param><param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name><param-value>classpath:servlet-context.xml</param-value></init-param></servlet>

(4) Use @ActiveProfiles("test") annotation in JUnit Test

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath*:spring.xml")@ActiveProfiles("test")public class CheckStatusTest {@Autowiredprivate ICheckStatusService checkStatusService;@Testpublic void testCheckStatus() {//Test Code}}

Now, the unit tests run smoothly without any ugly code or configuration!

Reference:
1. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5197236/spring-jndi-configuration-problem
2. http://blog.springsource.com/2011/02/11/spring-framework-3-1-m1-released/