Python的@符号 --decorator

Python语言中的@符号有比较特殊的含义，而且是一种比较稀有的特性，初学者往往不容易理解，这里就其做一些解释。 首先看一段代码：

>>> def now():...     print '2013-12-25'

假设我们要增强now()函数的功能，比如，在函数调用前后自动打印日志，但又不希望修改now()函数的定义，这种在代码运行期间动态增加功能的方式，称之为“装饰器”（Decorator）

我们要定义一个能打印日志的decorator，可以定义如下：

def log(func):    def wrapper(*args, **kw):        print 'call %s():' % func.__name__        return func(*args, **kw)    return wrapper

@logdef now():    print '2013-12-25'

调用now()函数，不仅会运行now()函数本身，还会在运行now()函数前打印一行日志：

>>> now()call now():2013-12-25

把@log放到now()函数的定义处，相当于执行了语句：now= log(now)

由于log()是一个decorator，返回一个函数，所以，原来的now()函数仍然存在，只是现在同名的now变量指向了新的函数，于是调用now()将执行新函数，即在log()函数中返回的wrapper()函数。

decorator类

class decoratorWithoutArguments(object):     def __init__(self, f):        """        If there are no decorator arguments, the function        to be decorated is passed to the constructor.        """        print "Inside __init__()"        self.f = f     def __call__(self, *args):        """        The __call__ method is not called until the        decorated function is called.        """        print "Inside __call__()"        self.f(*args)        print "After self.f(*args)" @decoratorWithoutArgumentsdef sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):    print 'sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4 print "After decoration" print "Preparing to call sayHello()"sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")print "After first sayHello() call"sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")print "After second sayHello() call"

输出结果是：
 
Inside __init__()
After decoration
Preparing to call sayHello()
Inside __call__()
sayHello arguments: say hello argument list
After self.f(*args)
After first sayHello() call
Inside __call__()
sayHello arguments: a different set of arguments
After self.f(*args)
After second sayHello() call

注意，decoratorWithoutArguments的构造器(constructor)在函数的decoration处执行。由于我们可以在__init__()里面调用f()，它意味着在调用decorator前就完成了f()的创建。另外需注意，decorator构造器接收到decorated的函数对象。你将在构造器中得到函数对象，之后在__call__()方法中进行使用(当使用类时，decoration和调用是两个泾渭分明的阶段，这也是我为何说它更简单、更强大的原因)。
当decorated之后再调用sayHello()，它的行为就完全不一样了：不再用原来的代码而开始调用decoratorWithoutArguments.__call__()方法。原因是decoration过程是将decorator结果取代原先的函数--在我们的例子中，decoratorWithoutArguments对象取代了aFunction。

含有参数的decorators

class decoratorWithArguments(object):     def __init__(self, arg1, arg2, arg3):        """        If there are decorator arguments, the function        to be decorated is not passed to the constructor!        """        print "Inside __init__()"        self.arg1 = arg1        self.arg2 = arg2        self.arg3 = arg3     def __call__(self, f):        """        If there are decorator arguments, __call__() is only called        once, as part of the decoration process! You can only give        it a single argument, which is the function object.        """        print "Inside __call__()"        def wrapped_f(*args):            print "Inside wrapped_f()"            print "Decorator arguments:", self.arg1, self.arg2, self.arg3            f(*args)            print "After f(*args)"        return wrapped_f @decoratorWithArguments("hello", "world", 42)def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):    print 'sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4 print "After decoration" print "Preparing to call sayHello()"sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")print "after first sayHello() call"sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")print "after second sayHello() call"

从输出结果可以看到，加入参数使程序执行发生了很大变化。
 
Inside __init__()
Inside __call__()
After decoration
Preparing to call sayHello()
Inside wrapped_f()
Decorator arguments: hello world 42
sayHello arguments: say hello argument list
After f(*args)
after first sayHello() call
Inside wrapped_f()
Decorator arguments: hello world 42
sayHello arguments: a different set of arguments
After f(*args)
after second sayHello() call

现在decoration方法调用构造器，然后就马上调用__call__()，后者只能包含一个参数（函数对象）且返回替代原有函数的decorated函数对象。注意当前decoration期间__call__()仅被调用一次，此后从__call__()返回的decorated函数就可以在实际调用中使用了。
虽然这种机制有一定合理性—构造器在这里可获取decorator参数，但__call__()对象不能再作为decorated函数使用了。因此你必须使用__call__()执行decoration—可能第一次遇到这种与无参情况截然不同的方式你会比较吃惊，何况还必须编写和无参decorator完成不同的代码。

含decorator参数的decorator函数

def decoratorFunctionWithArguments(arg1, arg2, arg3):    def wrap(f):        print "Inside wrap()"        def wrapped_f(*args):            print "Inside wrapped_f()"            print "Decorator arguments:", arg1, arg2, arg3            f(*args)            print "After f(*args)"        return wrapped_f    return wrap @decoratorFunctionWithArguments("hello", "world", 42)def sayHello(a1, a2, a3, a4):    print 'sayHello arguments:', a1, a2, a3, a4 print "After decoration" print "Preparing to call sayHello()"sayHello("say", "hello", "argument", "list")print "after first sayHello() call"sayHello("a", "different", "set of", "arguments")print "after second sayHello() call"

输出结果为：
 
Inside wrap()
After decoration
Preparing to call sayHello()
Inside wrapped_f()
Decorator arguments: hello world 42
sayHello arguments: say hello argument list
After f(*args)
after first sayHello() call
Inside wrapped_f()
Decorator arguments: hello world 42
sayHello arguments: a different set of arguments
After f(*args)
after second sayHello() call

参考：

http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/001374738125095c955c1e6d8bb493182103fac9270762a000/001386819879946007bbf6ad052463ab18034f0254bf355000

http://blog.csdn.net/beckel/article/details/3945147