关于ThreadLocal

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防止任务在共享资源上产生冲突的方式除了同步,还有一种就是根除对变量的共享。线程本地存储(ThreadLocal)是一种自动化机制,可以为使用相同变量的每个不同的线程都创建不同的存储,通过把数据放在ThreadLocal中就可以让每个线程创建一个该变量的副本,从而避免并发访问的线程安全问题。早在JDK 1.2退出之时,Java就为多线程编程提供了一个ThreadLocal类;从Java 5.0 以后,Java引入了泛型支持,Java为该ThreadLocal类增加了泛型支持,即ThreadLocal<T>。

ThreadLocal类除构造器之外,只有三个public方法,分别是:

public T get(); 返回此线程局部变量的当前线程副本中的值。

public void set(T value); 将此线程局部变量的当前线程副本中的值设置为指定值。

public void remove(); 移除此线程局部变量当前线程的值。

下面是一个ThreadLocal类解决变量共享冲突的示例:

package thread.concurrency;import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;import java.util.concurrent.Executors;class Account {private ThreadLocal<String> name=new ThreadLocal<>();public Account(String name) {this.name.set(name);}public String getName() {return name.get();}public void setName(String name) {this.name.set(name);}}class MyThread implements Runnable {Account account;public MyThread(Account account) {this.account=account;}@Overridepublic void run() {for(int i=0;i<10;i++) {if(i==6) {account.setName(Thread.currentThread().getName());}System.out.println(account.getName()+" name of i: "+i);}}}public class ThreadLocalTest {/**        * @param args */public static void main(String[] args) {ExecutorService ex=Executors.newCachedThreadPool();Account accountA=new Account("A");Account accountB=new Account("B");ex.execute(new MyThread(accountA));ex.execute(new MyThread(accountB));ex.shutdown();}}/* Output:null name of i: 0null name of i: 1null name of i: 0null name of i: 2null name of i: 1null name of i: 3null name of i: 2null name of i: 3null name of i: 4null name of i: 5pool-1-thread-2 name of i: 6pool-1-thread-2 name of i: 7pool-1-thread-2 name of i: 8pool-1-thread-2 name of i: 9null name of i: 4null name of i: 5pool-1-thread-1 name of i: 6pool-1-thread-1 name of i: 7pool-1-thread-1 name of i: 8pool-1-thread-1 name of i: 9*///:~

ThreadLocal 将需要并发访问的资源复制多份,每个线程拥有一份资源,每个线程都拥有自己的资源副本,从而也就没有必要对变量进行同步了。ThreadLocal并不能代替同步机制,两者面向的领域不同。同步机制是为了同步多个线程对相同资源的并发访问,是多个线程之间进行通信的有效方式;而ThreadLocal是为了隔离多个线程的数据共享,从根本上避免多个线程之间对共享资源的竞争。通常,如果多个线程之间需要共享资源,以达到线程之间的通信功能,就使用同步机制;如果仅仅是需要隔离多个线程之间的共享冲突,则可以使用ThreadLocal。

那么,ThreadLocal又是如何实现为每个线程产生一份资源副本的呢?

首先来看一下ThreadLocal三个public方法的源代码:

    /**     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.     *     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local     */    public T get() {        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);        if (map != null) {            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);            if (e != null)                return (T)e.value;        }        return setInitialValue();    }


    /**     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}     * method to set the values of thread-locals.     *     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of     *        this thread-local.     */    public void set(T value) {        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);        if (map != null)            map.set(this, value);        else            createMap(t, value);    }


    /**     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the     * <tt>initialValue</tt> method in the current thread.     *     * @since 1.5     */     public void remove() {         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());         if (m != null)             m.remove(this);     }

简单解释一下上面的代码,首先说一下每个方法都有涉及的ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t);方法,其实代码很简单:

    /**     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in     * InheritableThreadLocal.     *     * @param  t the current thread     * @return the map     */    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {        return t.threadLocals;    }

可以看出对于每个访问ThreadLocal对象的线程,都有一个ThreadLocalMap 类型的threadLocals 实例Field,查看Thread的源码也可以发现这一点:

    /* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained     * by the ThreadLocal class. */    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;

而ThreadLocalMap则是ThreadLocal的一个静态内部类,具体代码不再贴出,参考JDK源码即可。ThreadLocalMap主要提供一个静态内部类Entry,一个Entry类型的数组table,用于存放ThreadLocal以及ThreadLocal存储的变量,这也是对于每个线程,都有ThreadLocal变量的一个副本的关键所在。

对于public T get();方法,如果当前线程已经存储此ThreadLocal所持有的变量的副本,即当前线程的threadLocals实例变量不为空,则直接返回threadLocals中存储的当前ThreadLocal对应的变量的值;否则,初始化当前线程的threadLocals实例Field,将当前ThreadLocal对应的变量设为null,并返回null。

对于public void set(T value);方法,如果当前线程已经存储此ThreadLocal所持有的变量的副本,即当前线程的threadLocals实例变量不为空,则将当前ThreadLocal对应的变量值更新为value;否则,初始化当前线程的threadLocals实例Field,将当前ThreadLocal对应的变量设为value。

对于public void remove();方法,如果当前线程已经存储此ThreadLocal所持有的变量的副本,即当前线程的threadLocals实例变量不为空,则将当前ThreadLocal及对应的变量值删除。




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