Android系统编译系统分析大全(一)

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来自http://blog.csdn.net/zjg555543/article/details/7804701

一、概述

自Android开源以来,引起了嵌入式行业一股热潮,很多嵌入式开发者表示对Android有很强的兴趣,并下载Android源码进行编译和移植。Android源码的巨大(repo下来,大概2G)给人以Android相当复杂的错觉。本文从Android编译系统的角度,让大家了解Android其实也是很纯真的。
Android编译系统(build system)集中于Android源码下的build/core下,其下有n多个*.mk文件,另外还有一些shell脚本,可谓相当庞大。为什么google将它的编译系统弄的如此复杂庞大呢?在build/core下的build-system.html中有以下讲述:

1. Multiple Targets

2. Non-Recursive Make

3. Rapid Compile-Test Cycles

4. Both Environment and Config File Based Settings

5. Object File Directory / make clean
......
基于以上目标,google Android开发人员将Android build system做成了现在的样子。在android.git.kernel.org上可以看到android build system作为一个项目一直在更新,因此,对于其编译系统的维护也是一个相当复杂的项目。为了实现Android在除ARM平台(x86、mips甚至一个全新的架构)上移植,必须深入了解Android编译系统。

二、 Android编译系统的架构

分析Android编译系统,你会发现,Android编译系统完成的并不仅仅是对目标(主机)系统二进制文件、java应用程序的编译、链接、打包等,而且还有包括生成各种依赖关系、确保某个模块的修改引起相依赖的文件的重新编译链接,甚至还包括目标文件系统的生成,配置文件的生成等,因此Android编译系统具有支持多架构(linux-x86windowsarm等)、多语言(汇编、CC++Java等)、多目标、多编译方式。这些目标和结构决定其架构也很重要。

Android编译系统集中于build/core下,几个很重要的*.mk文件如下:

main.mk(主控Makefile)

base_rules.mk(对一些Makefile的变量规则化)

config.mk(关于编译参数、编译命令的一些配置)

definations.mk(定义了很多编译系统中用到的宏,相当于函数库)

Makefile(这个Makefile特指build/core下的Makefile,此文件主要控制生成system.img,ramdisk.img,userdata.img,以及recorvery imagesdk等)

Binary.mk(控制如何生成目标文件)

Clear_vars.mk(清除编译系统中用到的临时变量)

Combo/linux-arm.mk(控制如何生成linux-arm二进制文件,包括ARM相关的编译器,编译参数等的设置)

Copy_headers.mk(将头文件拷贝到指定目录)

分散于各个目录下的Android.mk(控制生成局部模块的源码,名称所需头文件路径,依赖库等特殊选项)

Build/envsetup.mk(编译环境初始化,定义一些实用的shell函数,方便编译使用)

以上几个主要的文件,可以按照社会分工打一个比方:

Main.mk是总统,是老大,承担了很多工作。

Makefile是副总统,辅佐老大Main.mk

Base_rules.mk是交警,让不规则的东西,变得规则。

Config.mk是省长,规定了各个人民群众该如何行事

Definations.mk是图书馆管理员

Binary.mk应该属于村长了,规定每个人该如何行事

Clear_vars.mk应该属于保洁公司的工人吧

Combo/linux-arm.mk应该属于社会公民了,他决定自己该如何去做
三、Main.mk分析
执行make,实际执行的是:build\core\main.mk
Main.mk主要包含如下几个部分的内容

1. SHELL设置

2. 编译环境配置

3. 编译环境检查

4. 包含必要的宏

5. 根据make参数设置编译时的变量

6. 包含需要编译的Android.mk

7. 设置编译系统Target:prerequisites 控制整个编译流程

下面对上面几点进行必要解释:

有了前面小节对Android编译系统架构的分析,如果需要修改Android编译系统,就可以不至于盲目找问题,修改代码了。今天分析下main.mk,看它能为我们Android编译提供什么有价值的信息,以及如何自己定制我们的Android编译系统。

1 Main.mk的第一句就根据ANDROID_BUILD_SHELL来包裹编译系统用到的Shell,如果我们不想使用bash,而想使用sh,那么就可以在它前面写上ANDROID_BUILD_SHELL := /bin/sh,或者在build/envsetup.sh中添加相关定义。
# this turns off the suffix rules built into make

.SUFFIXES:

# If a rule fails, delete $@.

.DELETE_ON_ERROR:

# Figure out where we are.

#TOP := $(dir $(word $(words $(MAKEFILE_LIST)),$(MAKEFILE_LIST)))

#TOP := $(patsubst %/,%,$(TOP))

# TOPDIR is the normal variable you should use, because

# if we are executing relative to the current directory

# it can be "", whereas TOP must be "." which causes

# pattern matching probles when make strips off the

# trailing "./" from paths in various places.

#ifeq ($(TOP),.)

#TOPDIR :=

#else

#TOPDIR := $(TOP)/

#endif

2 MAKE_VERSION的检查。对这个项目的编译,需要make的版本大于或等于3.81

# check for broken versions of make

ifeq (0,$(shell expr $$(echo $(MAKE_VERSION) | sed "s/[^0-9/.].*//") />= 3.81))

$(warning ********************************************************************************)

$(warning * You are using version $(MAKE_VERSION) of make.)

$(warning * You must upgrade to version 3.81 or greater.)

$(warning * see file://$(shell pwd)/docs/development-environment/machine-setup.html)

$(warning ********************************************************************************)

$(error stopping)

endif

TOP := .

TOPDIR :=

BUILD_SYSTEM := $(TOPDIR)build/core

3 设定第一个目标:DEFAULT_GOAL := droid,在用户输入make之后,如果不加任何参数,那么默认的目标就是

droid。虽然后面的include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/config.mk写在默认目标droid依赖之后,但该目标之后的语句

# 都是要执行的,这由Makefile的语法决定的。

# This is the default target. It must be the first declared target.

DEFAULT_GOAL := droid

$(DEFAULT_GOAL):

# Set up various standard variables based on configuration

# and host information.

4 包含config.mkinclude $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/config.mk,config.mk是一个总括性的文件,它里面定义了

# 各种module编译所需要使用的HOST工具以及如何来编译各种模块。

include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/config.mk

# This allows us to force a clean build - included after the config.make

# environment setup is done, but before we generate any dependencies. This

# file does the rm -rf inline so the deps which are all done below will

# be generated correctly

5 包含cleanbuild.mk,cleanbuild.mk完成三件事,一是载入所有的CleanSpec.mk,二是检查更新clean_steps.mk

# previous_build_config.mk,避免不同编译间的互相干扰。最后是,定义installcleandataclean

include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/cleanbuild.mk

VERSION_CHECK_SEQUENCE_NUMBER := 1

-include $(OUT_DIR)/versions_checked.mk

ifneq ($(VERSION_CHECK_SEQUENCE_NUMBER),$(VERSIONS_CHECKED))

$(info Checking build tools versions...)

6 编译环境若不是windows的话,会检查Case-insensitive filesystems。(这里好像无关紧要)

ifneq ($(HOST_OS),windows)

ifneq ($(HOST_OS)-$(HOST_ARCH),darwin-ppc)

# check for a case sensitive file system

ifneq (a,$(shell mkdir -p $(OUT_DIR) ; /

echo a > $(OUT_DIR)/casecheck.txt; /

echo B > $(OUT_DIR)/CaseCheck.txt; /

cat $(OUT_DIR)/casecheck.txt))

$(warning ************************************************************)

$(warning You are building on a case-insensitive filesystem.)

$(warning Please move your source tree to a case-sensitive filesystem.)

$(warning ************************************************************)

$(error Case-insensitive filesystems not supported)

endif

endif

endif

# Make sure that there are no spaces in the absolute path; the

# build system can't deal with them.

7 检查当前编译的绝对路径是否纯在空格:ifneq ($(words $(shell pwd)),1)若是存在空格,会抛出警告并退出。

ifneq ($(words $(shell pwd)),1)

$(warning ************************************************************)

$(warning You are building in a directory whose absolute path contains)

$(warning a space character:)

$(warning $(space))

$(warning "$(shell pwd)")

$(warning $(space))

$(warning Please move your source tree to a path that does not contain)

$(warning any spaces.)

$(warning ************************************************************)

$(error Directory names containing spaces not supported)

endif

# The windows build server currently uses 1.6. This will be fixed.

ifneq ($(HOST_OS),windows)

# Check for the correct version of java

java_version := $(shell java -version 2>&1 | head -n 1 | grep '[ "]1/.5[/. "$$]')

ifeq ($(strip $(java_version)),)

$(info ************************************************************)

$(info You are attempting to build with the incorrect version)

$(info of java.)

$(info $(space))

$(info Your version is: $(shell java -version 2>&1 | head -n 1).)

$(info The correct version is: 1.5.)

$(info $(space))

$(info Please follow the machine setup instructions at)

$(info $(space)$(space)$(space)$(space)http://source.android.com/download)

$(info ************************************************************)

$(error stop)

endif

# Check for the correct version of javac

8 对编译的java版本的检查,在windows编译是使用1.6的,在别的平台上要使用1.5,如下。

javac_version := $(shell javac -version 2>&1 | head -n 1 | grep '[ "]1/.5[/. "$$]')

ifeq ($(strip $(javac_version)),)

$(info ************************************************************)

$(info You are attempting to build with the incorrect version)

$(info of javac.)

$(info $(space))

$(info Your version is: $(shell javac -version 2>&1 | head -n 1).)

$(info The correct version is: 1.5.)

$(info $(space))

$(info Please follow the machine setup instructions at)

$(info $(space)$(space)$(space)$(space)http://source.android.com/download)

$(info ************************************************************)

$(error stop)

endif

endif # windows

$(shell echo 'VERSIONS_CHECKED := $(VERSION_CHECK_SEQUENCE_NUMBER)' /

> $(OUT_DIR)/versions_checked.mk)

endif

# These are the modifier targets that don't do anything themselves, but

# change the behavior of the build.

# (must be defined before including definitions.make)

INTERNAL_MODIFIER_TARGETS := showcommands checkbuild

# Bring in standard build system definitions.

9 包含definition.mk: definations.mk中定义了很多编译系统中用到的宏,这些宏在编译时需要经常调用,

# 因此在编译的很靠前的阶段,就将之包含了进来。

include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/definitions.mk

ifneq ($(filter eng user userdebug tests,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info Don't pass '$(filter eng user userdebug tests,$(MAKECMDGOALS))' on /

the make command line.)

# XXX The single quote on this line fixes gvim's syntax highlighting.

# Without which, the rest of this file is impossible to read.

$(info Set TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT in buildspec.mk, or use lunch or)

$(info choosecombo.)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(error stopping)

endif

10 TARGET_BUILD_VARIANTbuildspec.mk设定,这个参数决定了要安装的模块。(重要,在后面会用到)

ifneq ($(filter-out $(INTERNAL_VALID_VARIANTS),$(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT)),)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info Invalid variant: $(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT)

$(info Valid values are: $(INTERNAL_VALID_VARIANTS)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(info ***************************************************************)

$(error stopping)

endif

###

### In this section we set up the things that are different

### between the build variants

###

11 is_sdk_build的设置,根据在主目录里执行make时,make后面的参数决定。

is_sdk_build :=

ifneq ($(filter sdk,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)

is_sdk_build := true

endif

ifneq ($(filter sdk_addon,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),)

is_sdk_build := true

endif

## user/userdebug ##

12 查看buildspec.mk文件中定义的TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT是否已经定义有userdebuguser,将结果保存到user_variant

# user_variant这个参数在后面会用很多,关系到后面ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIEStags_to_installenable_target_debugging

# 这些重要参数的设置。ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES用于指定被编译项的文件特性。

user_variant := $(filter userdebug user,$(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT))

enable_target_debugging := true

ifneq (,$(user_variant))

# Target is secure in user builds.

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.secure=1

tags_to_install := user

ifeq ($(user_variant),userdebug)

# Pick up some extra useful tools

tags_to_install += debug

else

# Disable debugging in plain user builds.

enable_target_debugging :=

endif

# TODO: Always set WITH_DEXPREOPT (for user builds) once it works on OSX.

# Also, remove the corresponding block in config/product_config.make.

ifeq ($(HOST_OS)-$(WITH_DEXPREOPT_buildbot),linux-true)

WITH_DEXPREOPT := true

endif

# Disallow mock locations by default for user builds

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.allow.mock.location=0

else # !user_variant

# Turn on checkjni for non-user builds.

ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES += ro.kernel.android.checkjni=1

# Set device insecure for non-user builds.

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.secure=0

# Allow mock locations by default for non user builds

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.allow.mock.location=1

endif # !user_variant

13 根据enable_target_debugging的设置(在前面设定),设置DDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES的值。

ifeq (true,$(strip $(enable_target_debugging)))

# Target is more debuggable and adbd is on by default

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.debuggable=1 persist.service.adb.enable=1

# Include the debugging/testing OTA keys in this build.

INCLUDE_TEST_OTA_KEYS := true

else # !enable_target_debugging

# Target is less debuggable and adbd is off by default

ADDITIONAL_DEFAULT_PROPERTIES += ro.debuggable=0 persist.service.adb.enable=0

endif # !enable_target_debugging

## eng ##

14 若是buildspec.mk文件中定义的TARGET_BUILD_VARIANTeng,再对tags_to_installADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES

# 进行设置。

ifeq ($(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT),eng)

tags_to_install := user debug eng

# Don't require the setup wizard on eng builds

ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES := $(filter-out ro.setupwizard.mode=%,/

$(call collapse-pairs, $(ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES))) /

ro.setupwizard.mode=OPTIONAL

endif

## tests ##

15 若是buildspec.mk文件中定义的TARGET_BUILD_VARIANTtest,再对tags_to_install进行配置

ifeq ($(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT),tests)

tags_to_install := user debug eng tests

endif

## sdk ##

16 若是对sdk的编译,会对MAKECMDGOALS的值进行检查,在编译sdk的时候,是不允许再另多其他中间目标的。

# 若是是sdk的边缘,还会tags_to_installADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES添加一些值。

ifdef is_sdk_build

ifneq ($(words $(filter-out $(INTERNAL_MODIFIER_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))),1)

$(error The 'sdk' target may not be specified with any other targets)

endif

# TODO: this should be eng I think. Since the sdk is built from the eng

# variant.

tags_to_install := user debug eng

ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES += xmpp.auto-presence=true

ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES += ro.config.nocheckin=yes

else # !sdk

endif

## precise GC ##

17 查看PRODUCT_TAGS是否有定义dalvik.gc.type-precisePRODUCT_TAGS这个变量在product_config.mk定义。

# 若是有定义的话还要在ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES添加dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags这个配置信息。

ifneq ($(filter dalvik.gc.type-precise,$(PRODUCT_TAGS)),)

# Enabling type-precise GC results in larger optimized DEX files. The

# additional storage requirements for ".odex" files can cause /system

# to overflow on some devices, so this is configured separately for

# each product.

ADDITIONAL_BUILD_PROPERTIES += dalvik.vm.dexopt-flags=m=y

endif

#########################################################################################################

#(18)若是PRODUCT_COPY_FILES没有记录apns-conf.xml,要确保添加上去。

# 注意:这几个文件的作用如下:

# apns-conf_sdk.xml如:$ANDROID_SRC_HOME/development/data/etc/apns-conf_sdk.xml

# --主要用于生成system/etc/apns-conf.xml文件,生成过程本质上就是原文拷贝

# apns.xml如:$ANDROID_SRC_HOME/frameworks/base/core/res/res/xml/apns.xml

# --该文件实际上在apn的设置方面没有实际意义,然而在android apn设置的逻辑方面却很重要,尤其是里面的version的值。

# apns-conf.xml如:$ANDROID_SRC_HOME/out/target/product/generic/system/etc/apns-conf.xml

# --该文件里记录的内容最终打包到system.img中:

##########################################################################################################

#

# Install an apns-conf.xml file if one's not already being installed.

ifeq (,$(filter %:system/etc/apns-conf.xml, $(PRODUCT_COPY_FILES)))

PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += /

development/data/etc/apns-conf_sdk.xml:system/etc/apns-conf.xml

ifeq ($(filter eng tests,$(TARGET_BUILD_VARIANT)),)

$(warning implicitly installing apns-conf_sdk.xml)

endif

endif


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