How compiler works

How compiler works is not easy to explain in one sentence. The best way is to use an example.

A compiler is a computer program that transforms source code written in a high-level programming language into a lower level language.

Basically, a compiler consists the following phases: Lexical Analysis, Syntax Analysis, Semantic Analysis, IR Generation, IR Optimization, Code Generation, Optimization.

Given a sample program:

The following shows the output of each phase.

1. Lexical Analysis
Convert a program into sequence of of tokens.

2. Syntax Analysis 
Recover the structure described by using series of tokens from previous scanner.

3. Semantic Analysis
Ensures program has a well-defined meaning.

4. IR Generation

5. IR Optimization

6. Code Generation

7. Optimization

I was thinking to draw a diagram which can clearly show how a compiler works. However, I found the diagram in the dragon book is very good, no more diagram work is necessary anymore.

I still want to make a small compiler which compiles a simple one function from start to end. Will do some research and possibly figure out a good solution for clear demonstration.

References:
1. Standford Compiler Lecture
2. Dragon Book