今天尝试在2.6.39内核上编译一个驱动,在编译驱动时发现从2.6.36的内核开始，include/linux/semaphore.h和 include/linux/fs.h中有了两处变化与驱动相关：
1， 在include/linux/semaphore.h 中
在编译阶段初始化的变化：
将#define DECLARE_MUTEX(name) 改成了 #define DEFINE_SEMAPHORE(name)
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE< KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,36)
DECLARE_MUTEX(led_sem);
#else
DEFINE_SEMAPHORE(led_sem);
#endif
在运行时初始化得变化（动态分配）：
以去除：
void init_MUTEX(structsemaphore *sem);
void init_MUTEX_LOCKED(structsemaphore *sem);
可通过以下初始：
void sema_init(struct semaphore*sem, int val);
2，后备缓存：include/linux/slab.h
kmem_cache_t 类型已改为：
struct kmem_cache
创建缓存对象函数
kmem_cache_t *kmem_cache_create(constchar *name, size_t size,
size_t offset,
unsigned long flags,
void (*constructor)(void *, kmem_cache_t *,
unsigned long flags), void (*destructor)(void *, kmem_cache_t *,unsigned long flags));
已改为(参数少了一个，返回值内型变化)：
struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create(constchar *name, size_t size,
size_t offset,
unsigned long flags,
void (*)(void ));
2， file_operations结构体有了一些变化，它去掉了：
int(*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
另外添加了：
long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode,loff_t offset,loff_t len);
这是2.6.36的内核里的定义include/linux/fs.h：
struct file_operations {
structmodule *owner;
loff_t(*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
ssize_t(*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t*);
ssize_t(*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t*);
ssize_t(*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,loff_t);
ssize_t(*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,loff_t);
int(*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
unsigned int(*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
//从2.6.36开始删除ioctl(),2.6.35中有
long(*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
long(*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
int (*mmap)(struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
int (*open)(struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*flush)(struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
int(*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*fsync)(struct file *, int datasync);
int(*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
int(*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
int (*lock)(struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t(*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *,int);
unsignedlong (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsignedlong, unsigned long, unsigned long);
int(*check_flags)(int);
int (*flock)(struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t(*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *,size_t, unsigned int);
ssize_t(*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *,size_t, unsigned int);
int(*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **);
// long (*fallocate)(structfile *file, int mode, loff_toffset, loff_tlen); 从2.6.38内核开始添加该项，2.6.37以下无
};
下面是Linux-2.6.35里的file_operations
struct file_operations {
structmodule *owner;
loff_t(*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
ssize_t(*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t*);
ssize_t(*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t*);
ssize_t(*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,loff_t);
ssize_t(*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,loff_t);
int(*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
unsigned int(*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
int (*ioctl)(struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
long(*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
long(*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
int (*mmap)(struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
int (*open)(struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*flush)(struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
int(*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
int (*fsync)(struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync);
int(*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
int(*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
int (*lock)(struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t(*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *,int);
unsignedlong (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsignedlong, unsigned long, unsigned long);
int(*check_flags)(int);
int (*flock)(struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
ssize_t(*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *,size_t, unsigned int);
ssize_t(*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *,size_t, unsigned int);
int(*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **);
};
[guowenxue@localhost at91sam9260]$ make
make[1]: Entering directory`/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/l350-dev06/src/kernel/linux-2.6.38'
CC [M] /usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/embedded_project/drivers/at91sam9260/dev_skeleton.o
/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/embedded_project/drivers/at91sam9260/dev_skeleton.c:93:error: unknown field 'ioctl' specified in initializer
/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/embedded_project/drivers/at91sam9260/dev_skeleton.c:93:warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
make[2]: ***[/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/embedded_project/drivers/at91sam9260/dev_skeleton.o]Error 1
make[1]: ***[_module_/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/embedded_project/drivers/at91sam9260]Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory`/usr/.devices_group/guowenxue/l350-dev06/src/kernel/linux-2.6.38'
make: *** [modules] Error 2
参考别的字符设备的驱动drivers/char/ppdev.c：
static const struct file_operations pp_fops = {
.owner =THIS_MODULE,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read =pp_read,
.write =pp_write,
.poll =pp_poll,
.unlocked_ioctl = pp_ioctl,
.open =pp_open,
.release = pp_release,
};
这里ioctl()已使用unlocked_ioctl代替。
但这里不是一个简单的替换，要注意unlocked_ioctl和ioctl的函数原型并不一致。
unlocked_ioctl: long(*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsignedlong);
ioctl: int(*ioctl)(struct inode*,struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
The 'inode'value that was passed to 'ioctl' function is available for use withthe 'unlocked_ioctl' function by way offilp->d_entry->d_inode:
long(*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *filp, unsigned intcmd, unsigned long arg);
...
struct inode*inode =filp->f_path.dentry->d_inode
There is a nice explanation of this at http://lwn.net/Articles/119652/
如：
static longdev_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned longarg)
{
int index =NUM(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_rdev);
.....
}
--------------------------------------
在file_operations 结构体中，会看到许多函数指针所指向的函数都必须传进structfile 结构体指针struct file* 作为参数。structfile 结构体定义在<linux/fs.h> 中，完整如下：
引用
struct file {
union {
struct list_head fu_list;
struct rcu_head fu_rcuhead;
} f_u;
struct path f_path;
#definef_dentry f_path.dentry
#definef_vfsmnt f_path.mnt
const struct file_operations *f_op;
spinlock_t f_lock;
atomic_long_t f_count;
unsigned int f_flags;
fmode_t f_mode;
loff_t f_pos;
struct fown_struct f_owner;
const struct cred *f_cred;
struct file_ra_state f_ra;
u64 f_version;
#ifdefCONFIG_SECURITY
void *f_security;
#endif
void *private_data;
#ifdefCONFIG_EPOLL
struct list_head f_ep_links;
#endif
struct address_space *f_mapping;
#ifdefCONFIG_DEBUG_WRITECOUNT
unsigned long f_mnt_write_state;
#endif
};
在设备驱动中，structfile 结构体也是一个非常重要的数据结构。注意的是，这里的file 和应用程序中的FILE 流指针没有什么关系，FILE 定义在C 库中，它永远不会出现在内核代码中。
file structure 结构代表一个打开的文件(openfile).(打开的文件并没有确切的指定到哪个设备驱动，实际上每个打开的文件都与内核空间中的structfile 结构相关联)。
filestructure 结构在调用open 打开一个文件时由内核创建，并会被传递给任一个对这个打开文件进行操作的函数；当所有事情都做完后，会调用close() 关闭掉文件，此时内核释放这个数据结构。
一般地，在内核源码中，structfile 结构体的指针往往写成filp 。
structfile 中的几个重要成员：
mode_tf_mode;
文件模式根据FMMODE_READ 和FMODE_WRITE 位来识别文件是否可读或可写，或是可读可写。在read() 和write() 系统调用中，没有必要对此权限进行检查，因为内核已经在你的系统调用之前已经做了检查。如果文件没有相应的读或写权限，那么如果尝试读写都将被拒绝，驱动程序甚至对此情况毫无知觉。
loff_tf_pos;
此变量表示当前的文件读写位置。loff_t 在所有的平台上都是64 位的变量(long long 型,gcc 专用术语)。驱动程序如果想知道当前在文件中所处位置，那么可以通过读取此变量得知，但是一般地不应直接对此进行更改。通过llseek() 方法可以改变文件位置。
unsigned intf_flags;
这是表示如O_RDONLY,O_NONBLOCK与O_SYNC 这样的标志。一个驱动程序应该检查O_NONBLOCK 标志，以查看是否有非阻塞操作的请求。其它的标志用得比较少。需要注意的是，检查read/write 权限应该是通过检查f_mode 得到而不是f_flags 。所有的标志定义在头文件linux/fcntl.h 中可以看到。
structfile_operations*f_op;
内核安排这个指针作为它的open 实现的一部分，当需要分派什么操作时，会读取它。filp->f_op 因为不会被内核保存起来以在其后之用，所以我们可以改变我们对相关文件的操作，在对文件使用新的操作方法时，我们就会转移到相应调用上。
void*private_data;
在对驱动调用open 方法之前，open() 系统调用会这个指针设置为NULL 。用户可以自由使用这个域，或者对其忽略。可以使用这个域之想分配的数据空间，但必须记得在内核销毁filestructure 之前在release 方法里释放掉原来分配的内存。private_data 对于系统调用之间信息的保存会显得非常有用。
structdentry*f_dentry;
目录入口(dentry) 结构与文件相关。一般的，除了在以filp->f_dentry->d_inode 来访问inode 结构时，我们不太关心dentry 这个结构。
