Shell编程基础系列（1）------ls

Shell编程基础系列（1）------ls

LS(1)                         User Commands                        LS(1)

NAME
       ls - list directory contents


SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...


DESCRIPTION
       List  information  about  the  FILEs  (the  current  directory by
       default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of  -cftuvSUX  nor
       --sort is specified.


       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options  are  mandatory for short
       options too.


       -a, --all
              do not ignore entries starting with .


       -A, --almost-all
              do not list implied . and ..


       --author
              with -l, print the author of each file


       -b, --escape
              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters


       --block-size=SIZE
              scale  sizes  by  SIZE  before   printing   them.    E.g.,
              '--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes.
              See SIZE format below.


       -B, --ignore-backups
              do not list implied entries ending with ~


       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modifica‐
              tion  of  file status information) with -l: show ctime and
              sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first


       -C     list entries by columns


       --color[=WHEN]
              colorize the output.  WHEN defaults to 'always' or can  be
              'never' or 'auto'.  More info below


       -d, --directory
              list  directory  entries  instead  of contents, and do not
              dereference symbolic links


       -D, --dired
              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode


       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color


       -F, --classify
              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries


       --file-type
              likewise, except do not append '*'


       --format=WORD
              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,  single-col‐
              umn -1, verbose -l, vertical -C


       --full-time
              like -l --time-style=full-iso


       -g     like -l, but do not list owner


       --group-directories-first
              group directories before files.


              augment  with  a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none
              (-U) disables grouping


       -G, --no-group
              in a long listing, don't print group names


       -h, --human-readable
              with -l, print sizes in human readable  format  (e.g.,  1K
              234M 2G)


       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024


       -H, --dereference-command-line
              follow symbolic links listed on the command line


       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
              follow  each  command  line symbolic link that points to a
              directory


       --hide=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN  (over‐
              ridden by -a or -A)


       --indicator-style=WORD
              append  indicator  with  style  WORD  to entry names: none
              (default), slash (-p), file-type  (--file-type),  classify
              (-F)


       -i, --inode
              print the index number of each file


       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN


       -k, --kibibytes
              use 1024-byte blocks


       -l     use a long listing format


       -L, --dereference
              when  showing  file  information for a symbolic link, show
              information for the file the link references  rather  than
              for the link itself


       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries


       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs


       -N, --literal
              print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters
              specially)


       -o     like -l, but do not list group information


       -p, --indicator-style=slash
              append / indicator to directories


       -q, --hide-control-chars
              print ? instead of non graphic characters


       --show-control-chars
              show non graphic characters as-is (default unless  program
              is 'ls' and output is a terminal)


       -Q, --quote-name
              enclose entry names in double quotes


       --quoting-style=WORD
              use  quoting  style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
              shell, shell-always, c, escape


       -r, --reverse
              reverse order while sorting


       -R, --recursive
              list subdirectories recursively


       -s, --size
              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks


       -S     sort by file size


       --sort=WORD
              sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X,  size
              -S, time -t, version -v


       --time=WORD
              with  -l,  show time as WORD instead of modification time:
              atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status  -c;  use
              specified time as sort key if --sort=time


       --time-style=STYLE
              with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso,
              iso, locale, +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like  'date';
              if  FORMAT  is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
              non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE  is
              prefixed  with  'posix-',  STYLE takes effect only outside
              the POSIX locale


       -t     sort by modification time, newest first


       -T, --tabsize=COLS
              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8


       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access  time  with  -l:  show
              access  time  and  sort  by name otherwise: sort by access
              time


       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order


       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text


       -w, --width=COLS
              assume screen width instead of current value


       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns


       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension


       -Z, --context
              print any SELinux security context of each file


       -1     list one file per line


       --help display this help and exit


       --version
              output version information and exit


       SIZE  is  an  integer  and  optional  unit   (example:   10M   is
       10*1024*1024).  Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024)
       or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).


       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
       and  with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes
       only when standard  output  is  connected  to  a  terminal.   The
       LS_COLORS  environment variable can change the settings.  Use the
       dircolors command to set it.


   Exit status:
       0      if OK,


       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),


       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argu‐
              ment).


AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.


REPORTING BUGS
       Report ls bugs to [e-mail]
       GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
       Report    ls    translation   bugs   to   <http://translationpro‐
       ject.org/team/>


COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License  GPLv3+:
       GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free  software: you are free to change and redistribute
       it.  There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.


SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo  manual.
       If  the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site,
       the command


              info coreutils 'ls invocation'


       should give you access to the complete manual.






GNU coreutils 8.20            October 2012                         LS(1)