toj1746How Many Sums

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这题题目大意是给你一个数,问把这个数拆成若干个数相加,可以有多少种拆法.开始没甚么思路,后来想到用dp做.定义状态dp[i][j]为把数字i拆成j个数相加有多少种拆法.其实有了思路就简单了:拆数字不如合并数字来得容易,把某个数n拆成x(1<=x<=n)份,等价于把n个1随意合并,合并成1到n份.然后看下面:从例子出发,比如10这个数,我试着拆分,可以分成1~10份.1.分5~10份时(也就是把n拆成>=n/2份),其实就相当于从10个1中拿出0~5个,然后把它们搞一搞,可以两两组合等等,反正不管怎么搞,既然是动态规划,我们根本不需要在意此等细节,具体来说,分5份时,就是留5个1不动,把其它5个1搞成1到5份,其实就相当于求解把5分成若干个数相加,有多少种分法,这时我们看到了子问题的身影了,所以等价于dp[5][k] k=1,2,...5分6份,时,就是留6个1不动,拿出剩下的4个1搞一搞,搞成1~4份然后丢向这6个1,由于都是1,所以它们之间是等价的.有dp[4][k],k=1,2,3,4种分法分7份时,就是留7个1不动,拿出剩下的3个1搞成1~3份再砸那7个1,砸到谁就和谁结合了...dp[3][1]+dp[3][2]+dp[3][3]如此一来,我们可以知道dp[10][j](5<=j<=10) = sum{dp[i-j][k]} (k=1,2,...i-j)2.分1~4份时(也就是把n拆成<=n/2-1份,小于一半),就不能和上面那么搞了,因为这时比如我拿出6个1,搞一搞,不能搞成5份然后和剩下的4个1结合,因为只剩4个不动的1了~~但是我们可以知道,这6个1可以分成1份,2份,3份,最多分4份,所以dp[10][4] = dp[6][k](k=1,2,3,4)其它也是类似的,然后可以得出dp[10][j](1<=j<=4) = sum{dp[i-j][k]} (k=1,2,...j)当然,上面两个式子可以合并:dp[10][j](1<=j<=10) = sum{dp[i-j][k]} (1<=k<=max{j, i-j})3.经过上面的例子分析,得到最终的状态转移方程:dp[i][j] = sum{dp[i-j][k]}, 1<=k<=max{j, i-j}, 1<=j<=i.(j是份数,所以当然是属于[1,n]的)4.但是故事还没有结束,这题最坑爹的地方在于它的整数可以达到600,从上面累加的夸张程度就可以看出来,这尼玛比斐波那契数列涨得还快!挂了两次,痛定思痛,我是后来才发现这尼玛随便一个第200项就爆long long 了!!!所以找了一个大整数的模板,然后乖乖AC...大整数部分的模板可以不用在意,直接拿来用就好了,重点还是后面的dp计算.另外我定义了dp[i][0]为把数字i分成若干份的结果也就是dp[i][0] = dp[i][1]+dp[i][2]+...+dp[i][i-1]+dp[i][i],这样在把n分成大于n/2份时,要用到的sum{dp[i-j][k]}, k=1,2,...,i-j就可以直接取用dp[i-j][0]了,因为dp[i-j][0]就等于dp[i-j][1]+dp[i-j][2]+...+dp[i-j][i-j].#include <map>#include <set>#include <cmath>#include <queue>#include <stack>#include <vector>#include <bitset>#include <string>#include <cstring>#include <climits>#include <cstdio>#include <iostream>#include <algorithm>using namespace std;class BigNum;istream& operator>>(istream&,  BigNum&);ostream& operator<<(ostream&,  BigNum&);#define MAXN 9999#define MAXSIZE 40#define DLEN 4class BigNum {public:    int a[MAXSIZE];    int len;public:    BigNum(){len = 1;memset(a,0,sizeof(a));}    BigNum(const int);    BigNum(const char*);    BigNum(const BigNum &);    BigNum &operator=(const BigNum &);    friend istream& operator>>(istream&,  BigNum&);    friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&,  BigNum&);    BigNum operator+(const BigNum &) const;    BigNum operator-(const BigNum &) const;    BigNum operator*(const BigNum &) const;    BigNum operator/(const int  &) const;    BigNum operator^(const int  &) const;    int    operator%(const int  &) const;    bool   operator>(const BigNum & T)const;    bool   operator==(const BigNum & T)const;    bool   operator==(const int & t)const;    bool   operator>(const int & t)const;};istream& operator>>(istream& in,  BigNum& b) {    char ch[MAXSIZE*4];    int i = -1;    in >> ch;    int l = strlen(ch);    int cnt = 0, sum = 0;    for (i=l-1;i>=0;) {        sum = 0;        int t = 1;        for (int j = 0;j < 4 && i >= 0;j++, i--, t*=10)        {            sum+=(ch[i]-'0')*t;        }        b.a[cnt]=sum;        cnt++;    }    b.len = cnt++;    return in;}ostream& operator<<(ostream& out,  BigNum& b) {    int i;    cout << b.a[b.len - 1];    for (i = b.len - 2 ; i >= 0 ; i--)    {        cout.width(DLEN);        cout.fill('0');        cout << b.a[i];    }    return out;}BigNum::BigNum(const int b){    int c,d = b;    len = 0;    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));    while (d > MAXN)    {        c = d - (d / (MAXN + 1)) * (MAXN + 1);        d = d / (MAXN + 1);  a[len++] = c;    }    a[len++] = d;}BigNum::BigNum(const char*s){    int t,k,index,l;    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));    l=strlen(s);    len=l/DLEN;    if (l%DLEN)len++;    index=0;    for (int i=l-1;i>=0;i-=DLEN)    {        t=0;k=i-DLEN+1;        if (k<0)k=0;        for (int j=k;j<=i;j++)            t=t*10+s[j]-'0';        a[index++]=t;    }}BigNum::BigNum(const BigNum & T) : len(T.len){    int i;    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));    for (i = 0 ; i < len ; i++)  a[i] = T.a[i];}BigNum & BigNum::operator=(const BigNum & n){    len = n.len;    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));    for (int i = 0 ; i < len ; i++)        a[i] = n.a[i];    return *this;}BigNum BigNum::operator+(const BigNum & T) const{    BigNum t(*this);    int i,big;    big = T.len > len ? T.len : len;    for (i = 0 ; i < big ; i++)    {        t.a[i] +=T.a[i];        if (t.a[i] > MAXN)        {            t.a[i + 1]++;            t.a[i] -=MAXN+1;        }    }    if (t.a[big] != 0) t.len = big + 1;    else t.len = big;    return t;}BigNum BigNum::operator-(const BigNum & T) const{    int i,j,big;    bool flag;    BigNum t1,t2;    if (*this>T)    {        t1=*this;        t2=T;        flag=0;    }    else    {        t1=T;        t2=*this;       flag=1;   }    big=t1.len;    for (i = 0 ; i < big ; i++)    {        if (t1.a[i] < t2.a[i])        {            j = i + 1;            while (t1.a[j] == 0) j++;            t1.a[j--]--;            while (j > i) t1.a[j--] += MAXN;            t1.a[i] += MAXN + 1 - t2.a[i];        }        else t1.a[i] -= t2.a[i];    }    t1.len = big;    while (t1.a[len - 1] == 0 && t1.len > 1)    {        t1.len--;        big--;    }    if (flag)t1.a[big-1]=0-t1.a[big-1];    return t1;}BigNum BigNum::operator*(const BigNum & T) const{    BigNum ret;    int i,j,up;    int temp,temp1;    for (i = 0 ; i < len ; i++)    {        up = 0;        for (j = 0 ; j < T.len ; j++)        {            temp = a[i] * T.a[j] + ret.a[i + j] + up;            if (temp > MAXN)            {                temp1 = temp - temp / (MAXN + 1) * (MAXN + 1);                up = temp / (MAXN + 1);                ret.a[i + j] = temp1;            }            else            {                up = 0;                ret.a[i + j] = temp;            }        }        if (up != 0)            ret.a[i + j] = up;    }    ret.len = i + j;    while (ret.a[ret.len - 1] == 0 && ret.len > 1) ret.len--;    return ret;}BigNum BigNum::operator/(const int & b) const{    BigNum ret;    int i,down = 0;    for (i = len - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--)    {        ret.a[i] = (a[i] + down * (MAXN + 1)) / b;        down = a[i] + down * (MAXN + 1) - ret.a[i] * b;    }    ret.len = len;    while (ret.a[ret.len - 1] == 0 && ret.len > 1) ret.len--;    return ret;}int BigNum::operator %(const int & b) const{    int i,d=0;    for (i = len-1; i>=0; i--)    {        d = ((d * (MAXN+1))% b + a[i])% b;    }    return d;}BigNum BigNum::operator^(const int & n) const{    BigNum t,ret(1);    int i;    if (n<0)exit(-1);    if (n==0)return 1;    if (n==1)return *this;    int m=n;    while (m>1)    {        t=*this;        for ( i=1;i<<1<=m;i<<=1)        {            t=t*t;        }        m-=i;        ret=ret*t;        if (m==1)ret=ret*(*this);    }    return ret;}bool BigNum::operator>(const BigNum & T) const{    int ln;    if (len > T.len) return true;    else if (len == T.len)    {        ln = len - 1;        while (a[ln] == T.a[ln] && ln >= 0) ln--;        if (ln >= 0 && a[ln] > T.a[ln]) return true;        else return false;    }    else return false;}bool BigNum::operator==(const BigNum & T) const{    int ln;    if (len != T.len) return false;    else    {        ln = len - 1;        while (a[ln] == T.a[ln] && ln-- );        if (ln < 0) return true;        else return false;    }}bool BigNum::operator >(const int & t) const{    BigNum b(t);    return *this>b;}bool BigNum::operator==(const int & t) const{    BigNum b(t);    return *this == b;}/* 上面部分是模板辣 */const int _DP = 601;BigNum dp[_DP][_DP];BigNum tmp(1);int main() {for (int i = 0; i < _DP; ++i) dp[0][i] = tmp; //初始化dp[0][i]为1,为什么呢?其实也可以不用,但是下面就要j<i了for (int i = 1; i < _DP; ++i) {for (int j = 0; j <= (i>>1); ++j) {for (int k = 1; k <= j; ++k)dp[i][j] = dp[i][j] + dp[i-j][k];dp[i][0] = dp[i][0] + dp[i][j];}for (int j = (i>>1)+1; j <= i; ++j) {//也就是这里,就要j<i了,并且还要令dp[i][i] = 1,然后这个1也要记得加到dp[i][0]中去dp[i][j] = dp[i-j][0];dp[i][0] = dp[i][0] + dp[i][j];}}int n;ios::sync_with_stdio(false);    //stream流加速,但是在toj上貌似效果不明显...while(cin >> n && n) {cout << dp[n][0] << endl;}return 0;}

当然,本题可以用大进制数,比如千万进制数,可以很方便地处理,并且可以节省很多时间,用类模板,毕竟省事一些...但是很慢,跑了1.01s,如果直接来个亿进制,可以控制到0.02s以内.这里不赘述了.
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