第三十一章 间 接 引 语

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307 直接引语和间接引语

 

可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。

直接引语重述说话人的原话:

He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.’

他说:“我把伞丢了。”

这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:

He saidthathe had lost his umbrella

他说他丢了伞。

表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在saytell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在complainexplainobjectpoint outprotest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。

把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。


308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变

 

A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that

这种用法常用于下列情况:

a)复述仍在进行中的对话;

b)读信件并转述信中的内容;

c)读指示命令并转述其内容;

d)复述某人经常说的话。

Tom says that hell never get married

汤姆说他永远不结婚。

引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:

Paulphoning from the station):Im trying to get a taxi

保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。

Annto Marywho is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi

安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。

B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):

 

C 注意I we shallshould的用法

Iwe shall通常在间接引语中变为heshethey would

I shall be 21 tomorrow,’said Bill

比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:

Bill said he would be 21 the following day

比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。

如果句子是由原说话人复述的,Iwe shall就既可以变成Iwe

should,也可以变成Iwe would,但would用得更为普遍。

同样,Iwe should在间接引语中通常变成heshethey would

If I had the instruction manual I shouldwould know what to do,’said Bill

比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:

Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do

比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。

但是如果句子由原说话人复述,Iwe should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。


309 过去时态有时保持不变

 

A 从理论上讲,间接引语中一般过去时应当变成过去完成时,但在口语中,如果不至于使人对于动作发生的相对时间产生混淆,则常保持不变。

例如:He said,‘I loved her’(他说:“我爱过她”)必须变成He said he had loved her(他说他爱过她),否则句子的意思就会不一样了。但He said,‘Ann arrived on Monday’(他说:“安是星期一到的”)可以转述为He said Ann arrivedhad arrived on Monday(他说安是星期一到的/他说安已于星期一到达)。

B 从理论上讲,过去进行时应当变成过去完成进行时,但实际上除非所指的是已完成的动作,否则一般都不变:

She said,‘We were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to.’

她说:“我们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。”相当于:

She said that they had been thinking of selling the house but had decided not to

她说他们曾想卖掉这所房子,但现在已经决定不卖了。

但是:

He said,‘When I saw them they were playing tennis.’

他说:“我看到他们时,他们在打网球。”相当于:

He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis

他说他看到他们时,他们在打网球。

C 英语书面语中,一般过去时在间接引语中固然常常变成过去完成时,但也有以下几种例外情况:

1 时间从句中的一般过去时及过去进行时常不需改变:

He said,‘When we were living lived in Paris…’

他说:“我们住在巴黎的时候……”相当于:

He said that when they were living in Paris

他说他们住在巴黎的时候……

这类间接引语的主句中的主要动词既可保持不变,也可以变成过去完成时:

He said,‘When we were livinglived in Paris we often saw Paul.’

他说:“我们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。”相当于:

He said that when they were livinglived in Paris they often sawhad of ten seen Paul

他说他们住在巴黎时,常常看到保罗。

2 如一般过去时被用来叙述转述时仍继续存在的情况,则在间接引语中保持不变:

She said,‘I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.’

她说:“我决定不买这座房子了,因为它在交通要道上。”相当于:

She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on amain road

她说她决定不买这座房子了,因为它在交通要道上。


 

310 间接引语中的虚拟过去时

 

A 虚拟过去时如位于wishwould rathersoonerit is time

之后,在间接引语中保持不变:

we wish we didnt have to take exams,’said the children

孩子们说:“我们不考试就好了。”相当于:

The children said they wished they didnt have to take exams

孩子们说他们不考试就好了。

Bill wants to go alone,’said Ann,‘but Id rather he went with a group

“比尔想一个人去,”安说,“但是我宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。”相当于:

Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that shed rather he went with a group

安说比尔想一个人去,但她宁愿他跟一大群人一起去。

Its time we began planning our holidays,’he said

他说:“我们该开始计划我们休假的事了。”相当于:

He said that it was time they began planning their holidays

他说他们该开始计划他们休假的事了。

B Iheshewethey had better在间接引语里保持不变。 you had better可以保持不变,或者用advise+宾语+不定式结构进行转述(参见第120节):

The children had better go to bed early,’said Tom

汤姆说:“孩子们最好早点睡觉。”相当于:

Tom said that the children had better go to bed early

汤姆说孩子们最好早睡觉。

Youd better not drink the water,’she said

她说:“你最好不要喝这水。”相当于:

She advisedwarned us not to drink the water

她劝告(或告诫)我们不要喝这水。

C 条件句类型2和类型3在间接引语里保持不变(参见第229节):

If my children were older I would emigrate,’he said

他说:“如果我的孩子们再大点的话,我就会移居国外。”相当于:

He said that if his children were older he would emigrate

他说如果他的孩子们再大点的话他就会移居国外。


 

311 间接陈述中的mightought toshouldwouldused to

 

 A might除用于表示请求的意思外,在间接引语里保持不变:

He said,‘Ann might ring today.’

他说:“安今天可能会打电话来。”相当于:

He said that Ann might ringthat day).

他说安(那天)可能会打电话。相当于:

但是:

You might post these for me,’he said

他说:“你可以帮我把这些寄出去。”相当于:

He asked me to post them for him

他让我替他把那些寄出去。

(关于各种请求的表示法,参见第285节。)

B ought toshould表示“义务、责任”的意思时,在间接引语中保持不变:

They ought toshould widen this road,’I said

我说:“他们应当拓宽这条路。”相当于:

I said that they ought toshould widen the road

我说他们应当拓宽这条路。

I said,‘I should be back by six.’

我说:“我在6点钟该能返回来了。”(我设想我会)相当于:

I said I should be back by six

我说我在6点钟该能返回来了。

C 但当 you ought toyou should表示劝告而不表示义务的意思时,可由advise+宾语+不定式的结构来转述。you must也可表示劝告,也用同样的方法来转述:

You ought toshouldmust read the instructions,’said Ann

安说:“你应该/必须看看说明书。”相当于:

Ann advisedurgedwarned me to read the instructions

安劝告/敦促/提醒我看看说明书。

D If I were you I shouldwould…表示劝告的形式,通常可由advise+宾语+不定式结构来转述:

If I were you Id wait,’I said

我说:“如果我是你的话,我会等的。”相当于:

I advised him to wait

我劝他等待。

E I shouldwould beverygrateful if you would…表示请求的形式,通常由ask+宾语+不定式结构来转述:

Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed,’

he said他说:“如果您能随时把有关情况告诉我,我会很感激的。”相当于:

He asked me to keep him informed

他让我随时把有关情况告诉他。

F would用于陈述时在间接引语中保持不变。但请参见第284节关于would用于请求等。

G used to在间接引语中保持不变:

I know the place well because I used to live here,’he explained

他解释说:“我熟悉那个地方,因为我以前住在那里。”相当于:

He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there

他解释说他熟悉那个地方,因为他以前曾住在那里。

(关于could,参见第312节;关于must,参见第325节。)


 

312 could用于间接引语

 

(关于could的疑问形式,参见第283与第284节。)

A could表示能力

1 could表示目前的能力时在间接引语中保持不变:

I cantcouldnt stand on my head,’he said

他说:“我不能做三点倒立。”相当于:

He said he couldnt stand on his head

他说他不能做三点倒立。

2 could表示将来的能力时,在间接引语中可以保持不变,或由would be able结构来转述:

He said,‘I could do it tomorrow.’

他说:“我明天能做这事。”相当于:

He said he could do itwould be able to do it the next day

他说他第二天能做这事。

3 条件句类型2中,主句中的couldA2中的变化相同:

If I had the tools I could mend it,’he said

他说:“如果我有工具的话,我就能修补它。”相当于:

He said that if he had the tools he couldwould be able to mend it

他说如果他有工具的话,他就能修补它。

would be able在这里暗指所假设的情况有可能实现(可能他可以借到工具。)

4 条件句类型3中,could被转述时保持不变。

5 could表示过去的能力时,在间接引语里保持不变,或用had been able结构转述:

I could read when I was three!’she boasted

她吹嘘说:“我三岁时就能看书了!”相当于:

She boasted that she couldhad been able to read when she was three

她吹嘘说她三岁时就能看书了。

B could表示允许

1 条件句类型2中的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或由would be allowed to转述:

If I paid my fine I could walk out of prison today,’he said

他说:“如果我交了罚款,我今天就能走出牢门了。”相当于:

He said that if he paid his fine he couldwould be allowed to walk

他说如果他交了罚款他会被允许走……

2 表示过去时态的could在间接引语中可保持不变,或用 waswere allowed tohad been allowed to结构来转述:

He said,‘When I was a boy I could stay up as long as I liked.’

他说:“我小时候,我可以想呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。”相当于:

He said that when he was a boy he couldwas allowed to stay up./He said that as a boy he washad been allowed etc

他说他小时候,可以/被允许爱呆到多晚睡觉就呆到多晚。


 

313 其中的代词与形容词

 

A 代词和所有格形容词一般由第一人称或第二人称转化为第三人称,除非说话者转述的就是自己的话:

He said,‘Ive forgotten the combination of my safe.’

他说:“我忘了我保险柜的密码了。”相当于:

He said that he had forgotten the combination of his safe

他说他忘记了他保险柜的密码了。

I said,‘I like my new house.’

我说:“我喜欢我的新房子。”相当于:

I said that I liked my new house

我说我喜欢我的新房子。(说话者转述的是自己的话)

有时为避免意义上的混淆不清,必须将代词改变成名词:Tom said,‘He came in through the window’(汤姆说:“他是从窗户进来的”)这句话一般不能像下面那样转述:Tom said he hadcome in through the window(汤姆说他是从窗户进来的)。 这种转述方法意思可能指汤姆自己是通过窗户进来的。如果在这里将代词改变为相应的一个名词,就不会混淆了:Tom said that the manburglarcat etchad come in…(汤姆说那个男人/入室窃贼/猫等是从……进来的)。

代词的变化会引起动词的变化:

He says,‘I know her.’

他说:“我认识她。”相当于:

He says he knows her

他说他认识她。

He says,‘I shall be there.’

他说:“我将在那里。”相当于:

He says that he will be there

他说他将在那里。

B thisthese

this如用于表示时间,通常转述为that

He said,‘She is coming this week.’

他说:“她这个星期来。”相当于:

He said that she was coming that week

他说她那个星期来。

但是,thisthat不表示时间而当形容词用时,转述时用the

He said,‘I bought this pearlthese pearls for my mother.’

他说:“这颗/这些珍珠是给我母亲买的。”相当于:

He said that he had bought the pearlpearls for his mother

他说这颗/这些珍珠是给他母亲买的。

thisthese作代词用时可转述为ittheythem

He showed me two bullets.‘I found these embedded in the panelling,’he said

他把两颗子弹头拿给我看。“我发现这两颗子弹头嵌在护壁板里,”他说。相当于:

He said he had found them embedded in the panelling

他说他发现这两颗子弹嵌在护壁板里。

He said,‘We will discuss this tomorrow.’

他说:“我们明天讨论这件事。”相当于:

He said that they would discuss itthe matter the next day

他说他们要在第二天讨论它/那件事。

thisthese(形容词或代词)可以用于表明选择,或用于把一些东西与另一些东西区别开来。这时用the onesnear him等来转述,或可以把话换一个方法说清楚:

Ill have thisone),’he said to me

他对我说:“我要这个。”相当于:

He said he would have the one near him./He pointed totouchedshowed me the one he wanted

他说他要靠近他的那一个。/他把他想要的那个指/摸/拿给我看。


 

314 其中的时间及地点表达法

 

A 表示时间的副词及副词短语的变化:

例句如:

I saw her the day before yesterday,’he said

他说:“我是前天看到她的。”相当于:

He said hed seen her two days before

他说他是两天前看到她的。

Ill do it tomorrow,’he promised

他答应道:“这件事我明天就做。”相当于:

He promised that he would do it the next day

他答应第二天就做这件事。

Im starting the day after tomorrowmother,’he said

他说:“妈妈,我后天动身。”相当于:

He told his mother that he was starting in two daystime

他告诉他妈妈他两天后动身。

She said,‘My father died a year ago.’

她说:“我爸爸一年前去世了。”相当于:

She said that her father had died a year beforethe previous year

她说他父亲在前一年去世了。

B 但如果说话和转述发生在同一天,则不必作时间上的改变:

At breakfast this morning he said,‘Ill be very busy today.’

今天早餐时他说:“今天我会很忙。”相当于:

At breakfast this morning he said that he would be very busy today

今天早餐时,他说他今天会很忙。

C 如果在说话的一两天之后才转述,当然要作合乎逻辑的修正。如星期一杰克对汤姆说:

Im leaving the day after tomorrow

我打算后天动身。

如果汤姆在第二天(星期二)转述这句话,他会说:

Jack said he was leaving tomorrow

杰克说他打算明天动身。

如果汤姆在星期三转述这句话,他可能会说:

Jack said he was leaving today

杰克说他打算今天动身。

D here 可能转述为there,但所指的是什么地方必须要很清楚才可这样用:

At the station he said,‘Ill be here again tomorrow.’

在火车站他说:“我明天还会来这儿。”相当于:

He said that hed be there again the next day

他说他第二天会再到那儿去。

通常here需用某种适当的短语来代替:

She said,‘You can sit hereTom.’

她说:“汤姆,你可以坐在这里。”相当于:

She told Tom that he could sit beside her etc

她告诉汤姆他可以坐在她的旁边等等。

但是He said,‘Come hereboys’(他说:“到这儿来,孩子们”)一般转述为:

He called the boys

他叫孩子们来。


 

315 其中的不定式和动名词结构

 

A agreerefuseofferpromisethreaten+不定式有时可用来代替saythat)…:

AnnWould you wait half an hour

安:你能等半个小时吗?

TomAll right

汤姆:好的。相当于:

Tom agreed to wait./Tom said he would wait

汤姆同意等。/汤姆说他会等候的。

AnnWould you lend me another50

安:你能再借给我50镑吗?

TomNoI wont lend you any more money

汤姆:不,我不再借钱给你了。相当于:

Tom refused to lend her any more money

汤姆拒绝再借钱给她。

Tom said that he wouldnt lend

汤姆说他再也不借……

PaulIll help you if you likeAnn

保罗:安,如果你愿意,我可以帮你。相当于:

Paul offered to help her

保罗表示乐意帮助她。

Paul said that hed help her

保罗说他愿意帮助她。(另参见第318shall I?部分。)

AnnIll pay you back next weekReally I will

安:下星期我就还钱给你,我一定还。

Ann promised to pay him back the following week./Ann said that she would pay him back

安答应在下一周把钱还给他。/安说她会把钱还给他的。

Ann assured him that she would pay him back

安向他保证她会还给他钱的。

KidnappersIf you dont pay the ransom at once well kill your daugh ter

绑架者:如果你不马上交赎金,我们将杀死你女儿。相当于:

The kidnappers threatened to kill his daughter if he didnt pay the ran som at once

绑架者恐吓道,如果他不马上交赎金就把他女儿杀死。

The kidnappers said that they would kill

绑架者说他们要杀死……

(关于宾语+不定式结构,参见第320节。)

B accuseofadmitapologize fordenyinsist on+动名词这一类结构有时可代替saythat…):

You took the money!’

“你拿了这钱!”

可转述为:

He accused me of taking the money

他指责我拿了钱。

I stoledidnt steal it.’

“我偷了/没偷。”

可转述为:

I admitteddenied stealing it

我承认/否认偷了。

Im sorry Im late,’he said

他说:“抱歉,我来晚了。”

可转述为:

He apologized for being late

他为迟到表示抱歉。

He saidhe was sorry he was late

他说他很抱歉自己迟到了。

BillLet me pay for myself

比尔:让我自己来付我的那份钱。

TomCertainly notIll pay

汤姆:这不行!我来付!

可转述为:

Tom insisted on paying

汤姆坚持要付钱。


 

316 saytell及其他可替代使用的引导动词

 

A saytell与直接引语连用

1 say可放在陈述句之前,也可以位于陈述句之后:

Tom said,‘Ive just heard the news.’/‘Ive just heard the news,’Tom said

汤姆说:“我刚刚听说这个消息。”

say位于陈述之后时,say和充当主语的名词可用倒装语序:

Ive just heard the news,’said Tom

sayto+说话的对方这种结构是可以用的,但它必须跟在直接引语的后面,而不能放在直接引语的前面:

Im leaving at once,’Tom said to me

汤姆对我说:“我马上就动身。”

这里不能用倒装语序。

2 tell要求说出说话的对方:

Tell me

告诉我。

He told us

是他告诉我们的。

Ill tell Tom

我会告诉汤姆的。

不过,在tell liesstoriesthe truth这些结构中不一定要提到说话的对方:

He toldme lies

他(跟我)撒谎。

Ill tellyoua story

我会给(你)讲故事的。

tell和直接引语连用时,必须位于陈述之后:

Im leaving at once,’Tom told me

汤姆告诉我说:“我马上就要动身。”

tell和主语不能用倒装语序。

B saytell与间接引语连用

间接陈述常位于saytell+宾语结构之后。sayto+宾语结构在这里是可以用的,但不如tell+宾语这一结构普遍:

He said hed just heard the news

他说他刚刚听到这个消息。

He told me that hed just heard the news

他告诉我他刚刚听到这个消息。

请注意tellhowabout这一结构:

He told us how he had crossed the mountains

他告诉我们他是怎样翻越那些大山的。

He told us about crossing the mountains

他告诉我们关于翻越那些大山的事。

He told us about his journeys

他告诉我们他的旅途经历。

(关于saytell用于表示间接命令,参见第320节与第321节。)

C 其他常用的引导陈述话语的动词有:

add*                complain*        point out

admit*              deny*              promise*

answer*           explain *          protest* 

argue*              grumble*         remark*

assure+宾语     object*            remind+宾语

boast*              observe*         reply*

这些动词都可以与直接引语以及间接引语连用。

与直接引语连用时,它们位于直接陈述之后:

It wont cost more,’Tom assured us

汤姆向我们保证说:“不会多花钱。”

主语是名词时,上表中带有星号的动词都可以放在主语之前:

But it will take longer,’Bill objectedobjected Bill

“但需要更长的时间,”比尔提出反对意见说。

Itll cost too much,’Jack grumbledgrumbled Jack

“这会花去太多的钱,”杰克嘟嚷着。

它们都可以引导间接陈述。

动词之后必须加that

Tom assured us that it wouldnt cost moreBut Bill objectedpointed out that it would take longer

汤姆向我们保证不会花更多的钱。但比尔提出反对意见说,那样会需要更长的时间。

D murmurmuttershoutstammerwhisper既可位于直接引语的陈述句或疑问句之前,也可位于其后,并也如上面所示那样,作主语的名词可放在动词之后:

Youre late,’whispered TomTom whispered

汤姆低声耳语说:“你们迟到了。”

这些动词可引导间接引语,通常需要加上that

Tom whispered that we were late

汤姆低声耳语说我们迟到了。

当然,还有许多其他描写声音或音调的动词,如:barkgrowlroarscreamshrieksnarlsneeryell等。但这些动词引导直接引语的情况要多于引导间接引语的情况。


 

317 间接引语中的问句

 

直接问句:

He said,‘Where is she going?’

他说:“她要上哪儿去?”

间接问句:

He asked where she was going

他问她要上哪儿去。

A 把直接问句变为间接问句时,需作下列改变:

时态、代词、所有格形容词、时间副词和地点副词的变化与陈述句中的变化相同。

动词的疑问式变成陈述式;在间接问句中不加问号(?):

He said,‘Where does she live?’

他说:“她住在什么地方?”相当于:

He asked where she lived

他问她住在什么地方。

如直接问句针对主语提问,则此种变化显然是没有必要的(参见第55节):

Who lives next door?’he said

他说:“谁住在隔壁?”相当于:

He asked who lived next door

他问谁住在隔壁。

What happened?’she said

她说:“发生了什么事?”相当于:

She asked what had happened

她问发生了什么事。

B 如果引导动词是say,则必须换为表示询问的动词,如askin quirewonderwant to know等:

He saidWhere is the station?’

他说:“车站在哪里?”相当于:

He asked where the station was

他问车站在什么地方。

askinquirewonder也可用在直接引语中,但这时通常位于句尾:

Where is the station?’he inquired

“车站在什么地方?”他问道。

C ask之后可以接说话的对方(间接宾语):

He asked,‘What have you got in your bag?’

他说:“你的包里装的是什么?”相当于:

He askedme what I had got in my bag

他问(我)我的包里装的是什么。

但在inquirewonderwant to know之后不能有间接宾语。因此,如想要转述提及说话对方的问句时就必须用ask

He said,‘Marywhen is the next train?’

他说:“玛丽,下一班火车是几点的?”

He asked Mary when the next train was

他问玛丽下一班火车是几点的。

如果我们用inquirewonderwant to know,就必须省去间接宾语Mary

D 如果直接问句是由(whenwherewhohowwhy等)疑问词开头的,则必须在间接引语中重复这些疑问词:

He said,‘Why didnt you put on the brake?’

他说:“你怎么没刹车呢?”相当于:

He askedherwhy she hadnt put on the brake

他问(她)怎么没刹车。

She said,‘What do you want?’

她说:“你们想要什么?”相当于:

She askedthemwhat they wanted

她问他们想要什么。

E 如果没有疑问词,则必须用ifwhether

Is anyone there?’he asked

他问道:“那儿有人吗?”相当于:

He asked ifwhether anyone was there

他问那儿是否有人。

1 通常这两个词都可以用,但if要比whether更普遍些:

Do you know Bill?’he said. 

他说:“你认识比尔吗?”相当于:

He asked ifwhether I knew Bill

他问我是否认识比尔。

Did you see the accident?’the policeman asked

警察问:“你看到那起事故了吗?”相当于:

The policeman asked ifwhether I had seen the accident

警察问我是否看到那起事故了。

2 whether可用于强调对某事必须做出选择:

Do you want to go by air or sea?’the travel agent asked

旅游商问:“你想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走?”相当于:

The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea

旅游商问我是想乘飞机走,还是想乘船走。

请注意whether or not的用法:

Do you want to insure your luggage or not?’he asked

他问:“你的行李要保险吗?”相当于:

He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage./He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not

他问我是否要给行李保险。

3 whether+不定式结构可位于wonderwant to know之后:

ShallShould I wait for them or go on?’he wondered

他问自己:“我是等等他们呢还是继续往前走呢?”相当于:

He wondered whether to wait for them or go on./He wondered whether

he should wait for them or go on

他问自己是要等等他们还是继续往前走。

inquirewhether+不定式结构是可以的,但不常见。

(关于whether+不定式,另参见第242B。)

4 如果问句含有条件从句时,用whether就比较清楚,否则就会出现两个if

If you get the job will you move to York?’Bill asked

比尔问:“如果你得到那份工作,你会迁到约克去吗?”相当于:

Bill asked whetherif I got the jobId move to York

比尔问如果我得到那份工作我是否会迁到约克去。


 

318 shall Iwe?开头的问句变为间接引语

 

shall Iwe?开头的问句有四种类型:

A 对未来事件的推测或查询:

Shall I ever see them againhe wondered

他问自己:“我还能再见到他们吗?”

When shall I know the result of the test?’she asked

她问:“我什么时候才能知道考试的结果?”

这种句子适用shallwill的一般规则。表示猜测时,通常由wonder引导句子:

He wondered if he would ever see them again

他心里想他是否还能再见到他们。

She asked when she would know the result of the test

她问什么时候她才能知道考试的结果。

B请求指示或征求意见:

What shall I do with it?’

“我拿它怎么办呢?”相当于:

Tell me what to do with it

“告诉我该拿它怎么办。”

在间接引语中这种请求可以用askinquire等动词加should 结构或be+不定式结构表达。对征求意见的转述一般用should

Shall we post itsir?’he said

他说:“先生,要不要把这东西寄了?”相当于:

He asked the customer if they were to postif they should post it

他问顾客是否要把这东西寄了。

what whall I saymother?’she said

她说:“妈妈,我该说点什么呢?”相当于:

She asked her mother what she should say

她问母亲她该说点什么。(征求意见)

当需要就某事做出选择时,在间接引语中一般用whether,有时也可用whether+不定式(参见第317E):

Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked?’he said

他说:“我该把汽车锁上呢,还是不锁?”相当于:

He asked whether he shouldwas to lock the car or leave it unlocked./He asked whether to lock the car...

他问是否该把汽车锁上,还是不用锁。

C主动提出为对方做一件事或提供某物:

Shall I bring you some tea?’

“我给你端点儿茶来好吗?”

可转述为:

He offered to bring me some tea

他主动要给我端茶来。

请注意‘Would you like me to bring you some tea?’(“要不要我给你端点儿茶来?”)和‘Ill bring you some tea if you like’(“如果你愿意的话,我给你端点儿茶来”)这两个句子也可用offer 来转述。

D提出建议:

Shall we meet at the theatre?’

“我们在剧院见面好吗?”

可转述为:

He suggested meeting at the theatre

他建议在剧院见面。


 

319 will you?/would you?/could you

开头的问句

 

这些问句可能是一般问句,但也可能表示请求、邀请。偶然也可表示命令(参见第284节、第286节与第320节):

He said,‘Will you be there tomorrow?’

他说:“你明天在那里吗?”(一般问句)相当于:

He asked if she would be there the next day

他问她第二天是否在那里。

Will you stand still!’he shouted

他大喊:“站住,别动行不行!”相当于:

He shouted at me to stand still./He toldordered me to stand still

他对我大喊,要我别动。/他要/命令我站着别动。

Would you like to live in New York?’he asked

他说:“你愿意住在纽约吗?”相当于:

He asked if I would like to live in New York

他问我是否愿意住在纽约。

WillWould you file these lettersplease?’he said

他说:“请把这些信件存档好吗?”相当于:

He askedtold me to file the letters

他让/告诉我把这些信件存档。

Would you like a lift?’said Ann

安说:“你想搭便车吗?”相当于:

Ann offered me a lift

安邀请我搭便车。

Would you like to come round/Could you come round for a drink?’he said

他说:“到我家来喝点酒好吗?”相当于:

He invited meto comeround for a drink

他邀请我去他家喝点酒。

Could you live on25 a week?’he asked

他问:“一星期25英镑你够维持生活吗?”相当于:

He asked if I could live on 25 a week

他问我一星期25英镑是否够维持生活。

CouldWould you give me a hand?’she said

她说:“请帮我一下好吗?”相当于:

She asked us to give her a hand

她请我们帮她一下。

CouldWould you show me the photos?’she said

她说:“你能给我看看照片吗?”相当于:

She asked me to show her the photos./She asked to see the photos

她问我能否给她看看照片。

(关于cancouldmaymightIwe?参见第283节。关于征求意见参见第131节。)


 

320间接引语中的命令、请求、劝告

 

直接命令:

He said,‘Lie downTom.’

他说:“躺下,汤姆。”

间接命令:

He told Tom to lie down

他叫汤姆躺下。

间接命令、请求及劝告通常由表示命令、请求、劝告的动词+ 宾语+不定式(=宾语+不定式结构)来表示。

A 可用下列动词:adviseaskbegcommandencourageen treatforbidimploreinviteorderrecommendremindre quest tell urgewarn

(注意: say不包括在这些动词中,关于用say转述的间接命令/请求,参见第321节。)

He said,‘ Get your coatTom!’

他说:“汤姆,去穿你的外衣!”相当于:

He told Tom to get his coat

他叫汤姆去穿外衣。

You had better hurryBill!’she said

她说:“比尔,你最好快点!”相当于:

She advised Bill to hurry

她劝比尔快点。

B 否定意义的命令、请求等通常用not+不定式转述:

Dont swim out too farboys,’I said

我说:“孩子们,不要游出太远。”相当于:

I warnedtold the boys not to swim out too far

我警告孩子们,叫他们不要游出太远。

forbid也可用来表示禁止,但多用于被动语态,不太用于主动语态。

C上面所示动词要求加宾语+不定式,即它们后面必须直接跟说话的对方,不带介词。(另参见第89节。)在直接命令、请求等中常不提及说话的对方:

He said,‘Go away!’

他说:“走开!”

当转述这样的命令或请求时,必须加上名词或代词:

He told mehimherusthemthe children to go away

他叫我/他/她/我们/他们/孩子们走开。

ask与上述A所示的动词有点差别,ask的后面也可直接跟某些动词(如 see speak to talk to)的带 to的不定式:

He said,‘Could I see Tomplease?’

他说:“我可以见汤姆吗?”相当于:

He asked to see Tom

他要求见汤姆。(参见第283节。)

但这和ask+宾语+不定式类型的请求有很大不同。

askbeg后面都可以跟不定式的被动式:

Dopleasesend me to a warm climate,’ he askedbegged

他要求/请求道:“请务必将我送到气候暖和的地方去。”相当于:

e askedbegged us to send him to a warm climate

他要求/请求我们将他送到气候暖和的地方去。

He askedbegged to be sent to a warm climate

他要求/请求把他送到气候暖和的地方去。

D表示间接命令、请求及劝告的例句

注意:直接命令通常用祈使句表示,但要求和忠告可用多种方法来表示(参见第283节至第287节):

If I were youId stop taking tranquillizers,’I said

我说:“如果我是你,我就停止眼用镇静药。”相当于:

I advised him to stop taking tranquillizers

我劝他停止服用镇静药。(参见第311D。)

Why dont you take off your coat?’he said

他说:“为什么不脱下你的大衣?”相当于:

He advised me to take off my coat

他建议我脱下大衣。(参见第287节。)

WouldCould you show me your passportplease?’he said

他说:“请出示您的护照。”相当于:

He asked me to show him my passport

他要我向他出示护照。

He asked me forHe asked to see my passport

他要求看我的护照。

You might post some letters for me,’said my boss

我的老板说:“不知你能否给我寄几封信?”相当于:

My boss asked me to post some letters for him

我的老板请我给他寄几封信。

If youd just sign the register,’said the receptionist

接待员说:“请在登记本上签名。”相当于:

The receptionist asked him to sign the register

接待员要他在登记本上签名。

Do sit down,’said my hostess

我的女主人说:“请坐下。”相当于:

My hostess askedinvited me to sit down

我的女主人请我坐下。

Pleaseplease dont take any risks,’said his wife

他妻子说:“请千万别冒险。”相当于:

His wife beggedimplored him not to take any risks

他妻子恳求他别冒险。

Forget all about this young man,’said her parents,‘dont see him again or answer his letters.’

“把那个男孩子全忘了吧,”她父母说,“别再见他,也别再回信了。”相当于:

Her parents ordered her to forget all about the young man and told her not to see him again or answer his letters

她的父母要求她把那个男孩子全忘了,而且告诉她别再见他,也别再给他回信。

She was ordered to forget all about the young man and forbidden to see him again or answer his letters

她被要求把那个男孩子全忘了,而且被禁止见那个男孩子或给他回信。(被动结构)

Dont forget to order the wine,’said Mrs Pitt

皮特夫人说:“别忘了订购酒。”相当于:

Mrs Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine

皮特夫人提醒她丈夫别忘了订购酒。

Try again,’said Anns friends encouragingly

安的朋友们鼓励地说:“再试试看。”相当于:

Anns friends encouraged her to try again

安的朋友们鼓励她再试一次。

Go onapply for the job,’said Jack

杰克说:“去申请这个工作吧。”相当于:

Jack urgedencouraged me to apply for the job

杰克敦促/鼓励我去申请这个工作。

You had better not leave your car unlocked,’said my friends,‘theres been a lot of stealing from cars.’

“你最好别忘了锁车门,”我的朋友说,“已经发生了许多起偷盗车内物品的事件了。”相当于:

My friends warned me not to leave my car unlocked as there had been a lot of stealing from cars

我的朋友警告我不要忘了锁车门,因为已发生了许多起车内物品被盗事件了。

will you...类型的句子通常被看做请求,因此可以用 ask进行转述:

Will all persons not travelling please go ashore,’he said 他说:“不是随船旅行的人上岸。”相当于:

He asked all persons not travelling to go ashore

他要求所有不是随船旅行的人上岸。

但如果 will you句式的句子是用严厉或烦躁的口气说出,而且

省略了please,则可用tellorder进行转述:

Will you be quiet!/Be quietwill you!’he said

他说:“请安静!/请安静,好吗?”相当于:

He toldordered us to be quiet

他命令我们安静。


 

321间接命令的其他表示方法

 

Asaytell+宾语+be+不定式:

He saidtold me that I was to wait

他说我得等着。

这种结构可以代替tell+不定式结构,因此:

He said,‘Dont open the door.’

他说:“别开门。”

可转述为:

He told me not to open the door

他让我别开门。

He said that I wasnt to open the door

他叫我不要开门。

be+不定式结构特别常用于下列场合:

1如命令是由动词现在式引导的:

He says,‘Meet me at the station.’

他说:“在车站接我。”相当于:

He says that we are to meet him at the station

他让我们到车站去接他。

(在这里使用 He tells us to meet him...形式的可能性要小得多。)

2如命令前有一个从句时(一般为时间从句或条件从句):

He said,‘If she leaves the house follow her.’

他说:“如果她离开这所房子,就跟着她。”

He said that if she left the house I was to follow her

他说如果她离开这所房子,我就得跟着她。

He told me to follow her if she left the house(他让我在她离开这所房子时跟着她)同样也是可以的。但需注意,如果在这里用 tell+不定式结构,就必须首先改变从句的位置,将命令部分放在前面。有时这会使一个句子变得不顺或难解。如一个表示请求的句子If you see Ann tell her to ring me(如果你看见安,让她给我打个电话)可转述为He told me to tell Ann to ring him if I saw her。但为了避免不顺或难解,这种表示请求的句子只能用be+不定式结构来进行转述:

He said that if I saw Ann I was to tell her to ring him

他说如果我见到安,我得告诉她给他打个电话。

B saytell(+ that+主语+should

1 aytell should结构连用,一般表示劝告而并不是命令:

He said,‘If your brakes are bad dont drive so fast.’

他说:“如果你的刹车不灵,就别开得这么快。”相当于:

He saidtold me that if my brakes were bad I shouldnt drive so fast

他嘱咐我如果我的刹车不灵,就别开得那么快。

He advised me not to drive so fast if my brakes were bad

他忠告我如果我的刹车不灵,就别开那么快。(注意:这里的从句位置的变化与上面tell+不定式结构相同。)

2表示劝告也可以用adviserecommendurgethatshould结构。这种结构的被动式形式用得更为广泛(参见第302E):

I advise cancelling the meeting,’he said

他说:“我建议取消会议。”

He advised that the meeting should be cancelled

他建议会议应予取消。

3 commandorder也可以与should或被动式连用:

Evacuate the area!’ordered the superintendent

警务长命令说:“所有人员撤出这一地区!”相当于:

The superintendent ordered that everyone should leave the areaordered that the area should be evacuatedordered the area to be evacuated

警务长命令所有人员撤出该地区/撤出该地区。

4 注意:如第320节所示,使用宾语+不定式结构表示间接命令时,通常是在对受命者直接发令。但像上面 A中所示用 be+不定式结构,或像上面B3中所示用should结构来表示命令时,那么就不一定是对受命者直接发令了,可能是由第三者把命令传达给受命者。


 

322 letslet uslet himthem用于间接引语

 

A lets

1 lets通常表示建议,在间接引语中用动词suggest转述:

He said,‘Lets leave the case at the station.’

他说:“我们把箱子存在车站吧!”

可转述为:

He suggested leaving the case at the station./He suggested that theywe should leave the case at the station

他建议他们/我们把箱子存在车站。

(关于与suggest连用的结构,参见第289节。)

He said,‘Lets stop now and finish it later.’

他说:“现在停下来,以后再完成它。”

可转述为:

He suggested stopping then and finishing it later./He suggested that theywe should stop then and finish it later

他当时建议(他们/我们)那时先停下来,以后再来完成。

否定式也是这样:

He said,‘Lets not say anything about it till we hear the facts.’

他说:“在我们没有听到事情的真相之前,对这件事什么话也别说。”相当于:

He suggested not saying anythingsaying nothing about it till they heard the facts./He suggested that they shouldnt say anything till they heard the facts

他建议他们在没有听到事实真相之前什么都别说。

 

但如果单独使用lets not对一个肯定的建议做出答复,那么在转述时常用下列短语:opposed the ideawas against itobjected。因此:

Lets sell the house,’said Tom

汤姆说:“我们把这房子卖了吧。”

Lets not,’said Ann. 

安说:“我们别卖。”

可转述为:

Tom suggested selling the house but Ann was against it

汤姆建议把房子卖了,但是安表示反对。

(关于其他表示建议的形式,参见第289节。)

2 letslet us有时表示对一种行动的号召,这时通常由urgead vise+宾语+不定式结构表示(另参见第 320节):

The strike leader said,‘Lets show the bosses that we are united.’

罢工领导人说:“我们给老板看看我们是团结一致的。”相当于:

The strike leader urged the workers to show the bosses that they were united

罢工领导人鼓动工人们给老板们看看他们是团结一致的。

B let himthem

1从理论上讲let himthem表示命令。但实际上说话人对受命人时常并没有发号施令的权威:

Its not my business,’said the postman.‘Let the government do some thing about it.’

“这事与我无关。”邮递员说,“叫政府去想办法吧。”

这里说话人并不是在发号施令,而只是表示责任在谁身上,因此这类句子通常由oughtshould来转述:

He said that it wasnt his business and that the government ought to should do something about it

他说这不关他的事,而是政府应该对这事想点办法。

2但有时let himthem表示真正的命令,在转述时常用saybe+不定式结构(参见第321节):

Let the boys clear up this mess,’said the headmaster

校长说:“这些脏乱的东西该由男孩子们去收拾。”相当于:

The headmaster said that the boys were to clear up the mess

校长说那些脏乱的东西让男孩子们去收拾。

Let the guards be armed,’he ordered

他命令道:“警卫人员要佩带武器。”相当于:

He odered that the guards should be armed

他命令说警卫人员必须佩带武器。

3 有时let himthem更多地表示建议而不是表示命令。在这种情况下,常用suggestsayshould来转述(参见第 289节):

She said,‘ Let them go to their consulHell be able to help them.’

她说:“让他们去找他们的领事,他会帮助他们的。”相当于:

She suggested their/them going to their consul...She suggested that they should go to their consulShe said that they should go to their con sul...

她建议他们去找他们的领事……

4 let himthem也可以表示说话人对某事不在乎:

The neighbours will complain,’said Ann

安说:“邻居会抱怨的。”

Let themcomplain),’said Tom

汤姆说:“让他们(抱怨)去吧。”相当于:

Tom expressed indifference

汤姆满不在乎。

Tom said he didnt mindif they complained).

汤姆说(要是他们抱怨)那他也不在乎。

C let there be

说话人这样说时可以表示命令、劝告、催促或请求:

Let there be no reprisals,’said the widow of the murdered man

害者的遗孀说:“千万不要搞复仇。”相当于:

The widow urgedbegged that there should be no reprisals

遗孀敦促/祈求不要去搞复仇。

D let也是一个普通动词,意为allowpermit(允许):

Let him come with usmotherIll take care of him,’I said

我说:“妈妈,让他跟我们一起去吧,我会照顾他的。”相当于:

I asked my mother to let him come with us and promised to take care of him

我请求妈妈让他和我们一起去,并保证我会照顾他的。


323惊叹句及yesno变为间接引语

 

A 惊叹句在间接引语中通常变为陈述句,这时应取消惊叹号。

1 Whata)…或 How…开头的惊叹句,通常由

aexclaimsay that来转述:

He said,‘What a dreadful idea!’/‘How dreadful!’

他说:“多可怕的想法!”/“多可怕!”相当于:

He exclaimed that it was a dreadful idea/was dreadful

他大声说/惊叫道这想法太可怕了。

b)用 give an exclamation of delightdisgusthorrorreliefsur prise(欢悦/厌恶/恐惧/宽慰/惊讶地呼喊了一声)等词语转述。

另外,如在惊叹语句后面跟一个动作,可用

cwith an exclamation of delightdisgust+heshe+ 动词结构。

2 其他类型的惊叹语,如:Good!(好的!)Marvellous!(太棒了!)Splendid!(好极了!)Heavens!(天哪!)Oh!(哦!)Ugh!(啊!呸!)等,可用上面(b)或(c)来转述:

Good!’ he exclaimed

他大声叫道:“太好了!”相当于:

He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction

他愉快/满意地叫了一声。

Ugh!’she exclaimedand turned the programme off

她叫道:“呸!”然后把电视机关了。相当于:

With an exclamation of disgust she turned the programme off

她厌恶地啐了一声,并把电视机关了。

3注意下面的用法:

He said,‘Thank you!’

他说:“感谢您!”相当于:

He thanked me

他向我表示感谢。

He said,‘Curse this fog!’

他说:“这该死的雾!”相当于:

He cursed the fog. 

他咒骂那该死的雾。

He said,‘ Good luck!’

他说:“祝你好运!”相当于:

He wished me luck

他祝我运气好。

He said,‘Happy Christmas!’

他说:“圣诞快乐!”相当于:

He wished me a happy Christmas

他祝我圣诞快乐。

He said,‘Congratulations!’

他说:“祝贺你!”相当于:

He congratulated me

他向我表示祝贺。

He said,‘ Liar!’

他说:“你撒谎!”相当于:

He called me a liar. 

他骂我撒谎。

He said,‘Damn!’

他说:“该死!”相当于:

He swore.他骂了声该死。

The notice saidWELCOME TO WALES

标语上写着:欢迎到威尔士来!相当于:

The notice welcomed visitors to Wales

标语说欢迎游客到威尔士来。

B yesno在间接引语中用主语+适当的助动词结构来表示:

He said,‘Can you swim?’and I saidNo.’

他说:“你会游泳吗?”我说:“不会。”相当于:

He askedmeif I could swim and I said I couldnt

他问(我)是否会游泳,我说不会。

He said,‘Will you have time to do it?’and I said,‘Yes.’

他说:“你有时间做这事吗?”我说:“有。”相当于:

He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would

他问我是否有时间做这事,我说有时间。


 


324 混合类句式的间接引语形式

 

有些直接引语可由陈述句+问句、问句+命令句、命令句+陈述句这三种结构组成,或兼有三种句式。

A 通常每一部分都要求有各自的引导动词:

I dont know the wayDo you?’he asked

他问:“我不知道路。你知道吗?”相当于:

He said he didnt know the way and asked her if she didif she knew it

他说他不知道路并问她是否知道。

Someones coming,’be said.‘Get behind the screen.’

“有人来了。”他说,“躲到屏风后面去!”相当于:

He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen

他说有人来了,让我躲到屏风后面去。

Im going shoppingCan I get you anything?’she said

她说:“我去买东西。给你捎点什么吗?”相当于:

She said she was going shopping and asked if she could get me anything

她说她去买东西,并问是否要为我捎点什么。

I can hardly hear the radio,’he said.‘Could you turn it up?’

“我几乎听不见广播。”他说,“你能开大点儿声吗?”相当于:

He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked her to turn it up

他说他几乎听不见广播,还让她开大点儿声。

B有时,后一个从句的内容有助于说明第一句。这里可以用as代替第二个引导动词:

Youd better wear a coatIt s very cold out,’ he said

他说:“你最好穿件外衣。外面很冷。”相当于:

He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out

他劝我穿件外衣,因为外面很冷。

Youd better not walk across the park alonePeople have been mugged there,’ he said

他说:“你最好不要单独一人从公园里穿行,已有人在那里被抢劫了。”相当于:

He warnd her not to walk across the park alone as people had been muggd there

他告诫她不要单独一人从公园里穿行。因为已经有人在那里被抢劫了。

C有时第二个引导动词可以是分词:

Pleasepleasedont drink too muchRemember that youll have to drive home,’she said

她说:“求你了,别喝太多了!别忘了你还得开车回家呢。”相当于:

She begged him not to drink too muchreminding him that hed have to drive home

她恳求他别喝太多了,并提醒他还得开车回家。

Lets shop on FridayThe supermarket will be very crowded on Satur day,’she said

她说:“星期五去采购吧,星期六超级市场人太多了。”相当于:

She suggested shopping on Fridaypointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on Saturday

她建议星期五去采购,还指出星期六超级市场人太多。

as在以上两上例句中都可以使用。)


 


325 mustneednt

 

A must用于表示推论、永久命令或禁令及意向时,在间接引语中保持不变。(关于must表示劝告,参见第287A。)

1 表示推论:

She said,‘Im always running into himhe must live near here!’

她说:“我常遇见他,他一定就住在这附近!”相当于:

She said thathe must live in the area

她说……他一定就住在这附近。

2 表示永久命令:

He said,‘This door must be kept locked.’

他说:“这门一定要经常锁好。”相当于:

He said that the door must be kept locked

他说那门一定要经常锁好。

3 must在随便的话语中可表示意向,在间接引语中也保持不变:

He said,‘We must have a party to celebrate this.’

他说:“我们得开个联欢会来庆贺这事。”相当于:

He said that they must have a party to celebrate it

他说他们得开个联欢会庆贺那事。

B must用于表示责任时,在间接引语中可保持不变,但也可用would have to had to来转述。

1 Iwe must可用would have to来转述would have to用于表示该责任取决于将来某事时或某事的完成看来很遥远或不能肯定。也就是说,在这种情况下must显然可用 will have to替代:

If the floods get worse we mustwill have toleave the house.’he said

他说:“如果洪水涨得更高,我们只好离开这所房子。”相当于:

He said that if the floods got worse they would have to leave the house

他说如果洪水涨得更高,他们就得离开那所房子。

When it stops snowing we must start digging ourselves out,’I sald

我说:“等雪一停,我们就得挖一条路出去。”相当于:

I said that when it stoppd snowing we would have to start digging our selves out

我说等雪一停我们就得挖一条路出去。

We must mend the roof properly next year,’he said

他说:“明年我们得把屋顶好好修理修理。”相当于:

He said that they would have to mend the roof properly the following year

他说下一年他们得把屋顶好好修理修理。

I have just received a letter,’he said.‘I must go home.’

“我刚刚收到一封信,”他说,“我必须回家去。”相当于:

He said that he had just received a letter and would have to go home

他说他刚刚收到一封信,他得回家去。(如果他说话后立即回家了,则更常用had to,因为 had to的含义是他马上动身了。)

2 Iwe must可用 had to转述

如已决定需要在某一时间完成某一动作,或已订好某一计划,或所承担的某种义务可以较快地履行完毕,或至少在转述为间接引语时已经完成了,则常用 had to表示某一必需去做的事:

He said,‘I must wash my hands.’

他说:“我得洗洗手。”(他很可能后来马上去洗手了。)相当于:

He said that he had to wash his hands

他说他得去洗洗手。

Tom said,‘I must be there by nine tomorrow.’

汤姆说:“我明天9点以前必须在那里。”相当于:

Tom said that he had to be there by nine the next day

汤姆说第二天9点以前他必须在那里。

在这里也可以用would have to,但这样就暗示必须做的事是

自己要求自己做的,而不牵涉任何外在的权威。而 had to既可以表示一种外在的权威(即有人叫他到那儿去),也可以表示自己要求自己做的一种事。

当然,如果 must保持不变,则一切有关用 had towould have to的困难都可以避免。在上面两个例子中都可以用must代替 had to would have to

3 含有 youhethey must的句子,也用同样方法转述:

He said,‘You must start at once.’

他说:“你必须马上出发。”相当于:

He said that she musthad towould have to start at once

他说她必须马上出发。

注意:间接引语中用 would have to时,不表示说话人的权威,而只表示客观的必要。

Tom said,‘If you want to stay on here you must work harder.’

汤姆说:“你如果想继续留在这儿,就必须更努力地工作。”相当于:

Tom said that if she wanted to stay on she mustwould have to work harder

汤姆说她如果想继续留在那儿,就必须更努力地工作。

must意味着汤姆本人坚持要她更努力地工作,而 would have to仅仅意味这么做是必要的。

4 含有must Iyouhe?的问句也可进行同样的变化,但因为在疑问句中must常常表示目前或不久将来发生的事、所以常变为 had to

Must you go so soon?’ I said

我说:“你必须走得这么急吗?”相当于:

I asked him if he had to go so soon

我问他是否必须走得那么急。

5 must not

I must not常常保持不变。 youhe must not或保持不变,或用否定意义的命令句表示(参见第320与第321节):

He said,‘You mustnt tell anyone.’

他说:“你绝对不能告诉任何人。”相当于:

He said that she mustnt tellwasnt to tell anyone

他说她绝对不能告诉任何人。

He told her not to tell anyone

他告诉她不要告诉任何人。

C neednt

neednt可以保持不变,在一般情况下都是这样做的。另外一个办法是将它改变为 didnt have towouldnt have to,正如将must改变为had towould have to一样:

He said,‘You neednt wait.’

他说:“你没必要等了。”相当于:

He said that I neednt wait

他说我没必要等了。

I said,‘If you can lend me the money I neednt go to the bank.’

我说:“如果你能借给我钱,我就不必去银行了。”相当于:

I said that if he could lend me the money I needntwouldnt have to go to the bank

我说如果他能借给我钱我就不必去银行了。

He said,‘I neednt be in the office till ten tomorrow morning.’

他说:“我明天上午不必在10点之前就到办公室。”相当于:

He said that he needn tdidn t have to be in the office till ten the next morning

他说他第二天上午不必在10点之前到办公室。

need Iyouhe?的用法与must Iyouhe?完全相同。即它常常变为 had to

Need I finish my pudding?’asked the small boy

小男孩问道:“我一定得把布丁吃完吗?”相当于:

The small boy asked if he had to finish his pudding

小男孩问他是否一定得把布丁吃完。


 


 

 


 

 
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