第二十三章 不定式

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238 形式

 

A 动词不定式各种形式的举例

不定式的现在式:                         to work to do

不定式的现在进行式:                  to be working

                                             to be doing

不定式的完成式:                         to have worked

                                                     to have done

定式的完成进行式:                      to have been working

                                                     to have been doing

不定式的现在式的被动形式:        to be done

不定式的完成式的被动形式:        to have been done

B 不定式的整个形式包括两个字:to+动词,如上所示;但在一些特定的动词和表达方法之后用不带to的不定式形式(参见第246节):

You had better say nothing

你最好什么也不说。(参见第120节。)

C 一般不宜在to与动词之间置入别的字;但有时有人这样用,见第248节分裂不定式。

D 为了避免重复,有时不定式的to可代替整个不定式:

Do you smoke

Nobut I used tosmoke).

—你吸烟吗?

—不,但我以前吸烟。(参见第247节。)


 

 

239 用法

 

A 不定式可以单独使用,如 We began to walk(我们开始走了);或作为不定式短语的一部分,如 We began to walk down the road(我们开始沿路步行)。

B 不定式可作句子的主语。(参见第240节。)

C 不定式可作表语:

His plan is to keep the affair secret

他的计划是将这件事保密。

D 不定式可作动词的宾语或宾语的一部分,直接跟在动词之后:He wants to pay(他想要付钱)。(参见第241节与第243节。)或跟在动词+ how what等结构之后。(参见第242节。)或跟在动词+宾语之后: He wants me to pay(他想要我付钱)。(参见第243节与第244节。)

E be+不定式可表示命令或指示。(参见第114节。)

F 不定式可表示目的。(参见第334节。)

G 不定式可用于某些形容词之后:

angry glad happy sorry(参见第26节。)

fortunate likely lucky(参见第27节。)

H 不定式可连接从句。(参见第249节。)

I 不定式有时可代替关系从句。(参见第77节与第250节。)J 不定式可用于某些名词之后。(参见第251节。)

K 不定式可与tooenough以及某些特定的形容词/副词连用。(参见第252节。)

L 某些不定式短语如 to tell the truth to cut a long story short等可置于句首或句末。(参见第253节。)


 

240 作主语

 

A 不定式或不定式短语可作动词appearbeseem的主语,这时不定式可位于句首:

To compromise appears advisable

看来以妥协为好。

To lean out of the window is dangerous

身探出窗外很危险。

To save money now seems impossible

现在好像不可能存钱。

B 但更经常的做法是将代词it置于句首,而将不定式或不定式短语移至句末:

It appears advisable to compromise

It is dangerous to lean out of the window

It seemed impossible to save money

在这里的it称为先行主语。注意它在疑问句中使用的情况:

Would it be safe to camp here

在这里宿营安全吗?

Wouldnt it be better to go on

继续走下去不是更好吗?

这里必须用 it结构,否则会产生 Would+to campWouldntto go on那样的语序,而那样是不可以的。

C 通常这一类不定式结构由 it+be+形容词+不定式组成。

(参见第26节与第27节。)

但有时也可用名词代替形容词:

It would be a crimea mistakea pity to cut down any more trees

再砍伐树木将是一种犯罪/是一个错误/是个遗憾。

It is an offence to drop litter in the street

在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。

D costtake+宾语+不定式(主语)也是可行的:

It would cost millionstake years to rebuild the castle

重建这座城堡需要花数百万元/许多年的时间。

E 从一般的角度考虑一种动作时,可用动名词而不用不定式,但用不定式更为保险。但我们想要指特定的一次时,必须用不定式:

He said,‘Do come.’It was impossible to refuse

他说:“一定来。”不可能拒绝他的要求。

但是说:

It is not always easy to refuse invitations

别人的邀请往往无法轻易拒绝。

It is not always easy to refuse invitations可以用 Refusing invi tations is not always easy来代替。在这里这一动作是从一般的角度考虑的,所以动名词和不定式都可以。(另参见第258节。)

F it+不定式结构可位于 believeconsiderdiscoverexpect findthinkthat)和wonderif)之后:

He thoughtthat it would be safer to go by train

他认为乘火车去较安全。

这样用的 find之后可省略 that+动词 be

He foundthat it was easy to earn extra money./He found it easy to earn extra money

他发现赚点外快很容易。

He will findthat it is hard to make friends./ He will find it hard to make friends

他会感觉到交朋友困难。

有时think也可这样用:

He thought it safer to go

他认为去更安全一些。

在其他动词之后仍以不省略be为好。(关于类似的动名词结构,参见第258节。)

G 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语:

To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable

两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。

这里同样也可用it作为先行主语:

It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all

爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。


 

241 作宾语和作表语

 

A 后面直接跟动词不定式的动词

agree**             be determined**     pretend

aim                      endeavour                  proceed

appearfail          promise

arrange**          forget                    prove

ask**               guarantee               refuse

attempt                 happen                   remember

bother(否定)    hesitate                      resolve**

care(否定)       hope                         seem

choose                 learn                     swear

claim**             long                          tend

condescend          manage                     threaten

consent                neglect                      trouble(否定)

decide**           offer                         try=attempt

decline                 plan                          undertake

demand**         prepare                      volunteer

determine**      be prepared                vow

参见D

** 参见F

助动词

be              dare          have              must         ought      will

can            do             may              need          zhall used

(关于动词后接宾语+不定式,参见第244节。关于动词后接不定式或动名词,参见第二十五章。)

B 后面也可接不定式的短语

be about

be able+afford

do ones best

do what one can

make anevery effort

make up ones mind*(=decide

itoccur+to+宾语(否定式或疑问式)

set out

take the trouble

turn out*(=prove to be

参见D

C AB的例句

She agreed to pay 50

她同意付50英镑。

Two men failed to return from the expedition

探险队有两个人未能返回。

I managed to put the fire out

我好歹把火扑灭了。

They are preparing(= getting ready to evacuate the area

他们正准备从这一地区撤离。

We are not prepared(=willing to wait any longer

我们不准备再等了。

The tenants refused to leave

房客拒绝搬出。

Prices always tend to go up

物价总是趋于上涨。

She volunteered to help with Meals on Wheels

她自愿帮助给老、弱、病、残送饭上门。

He is just about to leave

他正要离开。(参见第114C。)

We cant afford to live in the centre

在市中心生活,费用我们负担不起。

He didn t bothertrouble to answer personally

他嫌麻烦不愿亲自回答。

与上面相反的例子:

He took the trouble to answer personally

他不嫌麻烦亲自回答。

D 上面标有星号的词或短语也可以与that从句连用(参见第346节):

I promise to wait.相当于:

I promise that I will wait

我答应等候。

He pretended to be angry.相当于:

He pretended that he was angry

他假装生气。

occur to+宾语+ that用于肯定式、否定式和疑问式。注意这个结构跟occur+不定式在意义上的区别:

It didnt occur to me to ask him for proof of his identity

我没有想到向他要身份证明。(我没有想到要这样做。)

It occurred to me that he was trying to conceal something

我突然想到他是在想法隐瞒什么。(这念头出现在我的脑中。)

appear happen seem turn out that结构连用时,要求用 it 作句子的先行主语:

It turned out that his country cottage was an enormous bungalow

他的“乡下的小房”原来是一座极大的平房。

请与不定式结构比较一下:

His country cottage turned out to be an enormous bungalow.(译文同上。)

E 但动词+不定式结构的意思并不一定与同一动词+ that从句结构的意思相同。在learnforgetoccur(参见上面D)和remember后面,这两种结构的意思不同:

He learnt to look after himself

他学会照料自己。

He learnt(=was told that it would cost 100

他听说那会花去100英镑。

He forgot to leave the car keys on the table

他忘了把汽车钥匙留在桌上。(他没有留下。)

He forgot that his brother wanted to use the car

他忘了他的兄弟要用汽车。

remember后面的两种结构同样可以有不同的意思。

agreedecide+不定式表示意图。

agree that 表示同意一种观点。

decide that 表示一种结论或决定,但并不一定会将之付诸行动。

F 上面带两个星号的动词后面可接不定式,也可接that should结构。thatshould结构在被动语态中尤其常用(参见第302节):

They decidedagreed to divide the profits equally

他们决定/同意平均分配利润。

They decided that the profits should be divided equally

他们决定利润平分。

I arranged to meetfor Tom to meet them

我安排去接/安排汤姆去接他们。

I arranged that Tom should meet them

我安排好叫汤姆去接他们。

I arranged that they should be met

我安排人去接他们。

G 不定式的进行式常常用在appearhappenpretendseem等动词之后:

I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived

他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。

He seems to be following us

他似乎在跟着我们。

不定式的进行式也可用在 agree arrange decide determine hope manage plan之后和助动词之后。(参见第254节。)

H 不定式的完成式可以用在appearhopepretendseem等之后和助动词之后。(参见第255节。)


 

242 动词+ howwhatwhen

wherewhichwhy+不定式

 

A 这类动词中最常用的有 ask decide discover find out for getknow learn remember see(= understandperceive),show+宾语, think understand want to knowwonder

He discovered how to open the safe

他发现了打开保险柜的方法。

I found out where to buy fruit cheaply

我找到了买便宜水果的地方。

I didnt know when to switch the machine off

我不知道什么时候关掉机器。

I showed her which button to press

我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。

She couldnt think what to asy

她想不出说什么。

(注意:这种结构不常用于动词think的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于think的其他形式之后,或者如上面最后一个例句那样,用于前面还有一个助动词的think之后。)

B whether+不定式同样可以用于 want to know wonder之后:

I wonderwondered whether to write or phone

我不知道应该写信还是应该打电话。

这种结构还可以用于表示否定意义或疑问意义的decide know remember think后面:

You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science

你现在不必决定学习文科还是理科。

He couldnt remember whether to turn left or right

他没记住向左拐还是向右拐。

C askdecideforgetlearnremember 等词后也可以直接跟不定式。(参见第241节。)但其含义并不一定相同。

learn how+不定式(=acquire a skill学会技能):

She learnt how to make lace

她学会了怎样做花边。

如果是相当普通的技能,通常就不用how

She learnt to drive a car

她学会了开汽车。

learn+不定式(不带how)可以有另一种含义:

She learnt to trust nobody

她信不过任何人。相当于:

She found from experience that it was better to trust nobody

经验告诉她,谁都不可靠。

同时注意:

I decided to do it

我决定要做这件事。相当于:

I said to myself,‘Ill do it.’

我心里想:“我要做这件事。”

I decided how to do it

我决定了如何去做这件事。相当于:

I said to myself,‘ Ill do it this way.’

我心里想:“我要这样做。”

I remembered to get a ticket

我没忘了弄一张票。(我弄到一张票。)

I remembered where to get a ticket

我记得到哪儿买票。(我记得可以从音乐节办公室买到票。)


 

243 动词或动词+宾语之后的不定式

 

A 这类动词中最重要的有 ask beg expect would hate help intendlike=think wiseright), would like=enjoy),would love mean prefer want wish

He likes to eat well

他喜欢吃得好一点。

He likes his staff to eat well

他喜欢要他的工作人员吃得好一点儿。

I want to rideI want you to ride too

我想骑马。我想要你去骑马。

B ask beg

ask+不定式的含义与ask+宾语+不定式不同:

I asked to speak to Mrs Jones

我要找琼斯太太谈话。相当于:

I said,‘Could I speak to Mrs Jones?’

我说:“我能跟琼斯太太讲话吗?”

但是:

I asked Bill to speak to her

我要比尔找她谈一谈。

I said,‘Bill would you speak to her?’

我说:“比尔,请你找她谈一谈好吗?”

beg也是同样情况,尽管beg之后通常不直接跟不定式:

I beggedto be allowed to go

我请他允许我去。相当于:

I said,‘Please let me go.’

我说:“请让我去。”

I begged him to go

我要求他去。相当于:

I said,‘Please go.’

我说:“请你去吧。”

askbeg后面可接thatshould结构。(参见第235节。)

C expect+不定式和expect+宾语+不定式可有相同含义:

I expect to arrive tomorrow

我预计明天到达。相当于:

I think it is likely that I will arrive tomorrow

我想我很可能明天到达。

I expect him to arrive tomorrow

我预计他明天到达。相当于:

I think it is likely that he will arrive tomorrow

我想他很可能明天到达。

expect+宾语+不定式常常含有义务的意思:

He expects his wife to bring him breakfast in bed at weekends

他指望他妻子在周末把早饭送到床边。(他认为他妻子有义务这样做。)

expect后面也可跟that+主语+动词结构,这时不含有义务的意思。

D 关于 care hate like love prefer与不定式或动名词连用的例句请参见第294至第298节。intendmeanwant后面也可接动名词。(参见第266节。)


 


244 动词+宾语之后的不定式

 

A 这类动词中最重要的有:

advise                forbid              makeb        show how

allow                  force               oblige                teachteach how

bribe                  hearb       order                 telltell how

command           implore            permit tempt

compel               induce             persuade            train

enable                instruct           remind              urge

encourage           invite               request              warn

entitle                 letb          seeb           watchb

feelb

b)意指“不带to的不定式”。(参见第246节。)

adviseallowpermit也可以与动名词连用。

(关于表示知道和思想一类意思的动词,参见第245节。)

B 动词+宾语+不定式举例如下:

These glasses will enable you to see in the dark

这眼镜能使你在黑暗中也能看到东西。

She encouraged me to try again

她鼓励我再试一遍。

They forbade her to leave the house./She was forbidden to leave the house.(较常用)

他们不允许她离开房间。/不许她离开房间。

Nothing would induce me to do business with them

什么也不能诱使我同他们打交道。

They persuaded us to go with them

他们说服我们同他们一起走。

They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs

他们正在训练这些狗嗅出毒品。

C showteachtellhow

show 与不定式连用时要加 how

He showed me how to change a fuse

他给我示范怎样换保险丝。

tell how +不定式(= instruct教):

He told me how to replace a fuse

他教我怎样换保险丝。(他给我必要的知识或说明。)

tell+宾语+不定式(= order命令):

He told me to change the fuse

他叫我换保险丝。相当于:

He said,‘Change the fuse

他说:“换一换保险丝。”

teach how(教……如何):

要表达教某人(如何)游泳、跳舞、打字、骑马等时可以说:

He taught me how to light a fire without matches

他教我如何不用火柴就能点火。

对比较普通的技能提问时虽可以使用how,但how常可以省略:

He taught me to ride

他教我骑马。

teach+宾语+不定式(不与how连用)也可以意指教导或训练某人以某一方式行事:

He taught me to obey all commands without asking questions

他教我毫无疑义地服从命令。

D remind show teach tell后面也可以接 that结构:

He reminded me that the road was dangerous

他提醒我道路危险。

He showed me that it was quite easy

他向我表明这是很容易的。

注意: tell that从句的含义不同于tell+不定式:

He told= ordered me to go

他叫我走。

He told(= informed me that I was late

他告诉我说我迟到了。

E request 后面也可以接that+ should结构,这主要用于被动语态:

He requested that the matter should be kept secret

他请求对这件事保密。


 

245 表示知道和思想等的动词之后的不定式

 

A assume believe consider feel know suppose understand 等之后可接宾语+ to be

I consider him to be the best candidate

我认为他是最佳人选。

that+普通动词的结构比这常用得多:

I consider that he is the best candidate

(译文同上。)

宾语+不定式与 think estimate presume 等动词连用是极少见的。这种表达方法常用that从句来代替:

I think that he is the best player

我认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。

It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old

据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。

B 然而,如果这些动词是以被动形式出现的,那么它们后面常常带不定式而不是带that结构:

He is known to be honest.相当于:

It is known that he is honest

众所周知,他是个老实人。

He is thought to be the best player相当于:

It is thought that he is

人们认为他是最好的演奏家/演员/运动员。

This vase is estimated to be 2000 years old

据估计这个花瓶有两千年历史。

C 注意suppose的被动态时往往有责任或义务之意:

You are supposed to know the laws of your own country

你应该懂得你们自己国家的法律。相当于:

It is your duty to knowYou are expected to know

你有义务懂/人们认为你该懂……

D 在这些动词后面也可以用不定式的进行式:

He is thought to be hiding in the woods

人们以为他正躲在森林里。(人们认为他正躲着。)

He is supposed to be washing the car

他应该在洗车。(他该正在洗它。)

E 如果想到的是早先发生过的动作,则用不定式的完成式:

They are believed to have landed in America

人们相信他们在美洲上了岸。(据信他们已登上了。)

supppose+不定式的完成式不一定有责任或义务之意。

They are supposed to have discovered America.相当于:

It is thought that they did

人们认为是他们发现了美洲。

You are supposed to have read the instructions(你应已看过操作说明)通常意味着你本应看过。

(关于动词的被动式之后的不定式结构,另参见第306节。)


 

246 不带to的不定式

 

A candomaymustshallwill之后接不带to的不定式:

They could do it today

他们可以今天做这件事。

I may as well start at once

我还不如马上就动身。

He will probably object

他可能会反对。

B needdare之后也接不带to的不定式,但它们不作为情态动词而是同助动词dodidwillwould连用时除外:

You neednt say anything

你不必说什么。

但是说:

You dontwont need to say anything

你不需要/将不需要说什么。

I dared not wake him

我不敢叫醒他。

但是说:

I didn twouldn t dareto wake him

我没敢/不敢叫醒他。

理论上,在最后一个例句中要求用to,但实际上常被省略。按语法规则来说,如果dareused用为助动词,它们就像大多数助动词一样后面接不带to的不定式;如果它们用为普通动词并与do did等连用,就像普通动词一样后面接带to的不定式。

C feel hear see watch

I heard him lock the door

我听见他锁了门。

I sawwatched him drive off

我看见他开车走了。

seehear在被动语态的句子中要与带to的不定式连用:

He was seen to enter the office

有人看见他进了办公室。

He was heard to say that

有人听见他说过……

feelhearseewatch经常是与现在分词连用:

I heard them shouting

我听到他们在大声喊叫。(参见第273节。)

D let在主动语态和被动语态的句子中都与不带to的不定式连用。但let在被动语态的句子中常常被另一个词所代替: Theylet me know 在被动词态的句子中被 I was told 所代替,而 They let him see the documents则被 He was allowed to see them所代替。

let之后的不定式/不定式短语有时为了避免重复而被省略:

She wants to go out to work but he wont let hergo out to work).

她想要出去工作,可他不让她去。

在下面的习语中,let没有宾语:

Live and let live

宽己容人。

(关于 let uslets 用于表示命令和建议,参见第281节与第289节。)

E make

make 在主动语态的句子中与不带to的不定式连用:

He made me move my car

他迫使我挪动我的汽车。

但在被动语态的句子中make与带to的不定式连用:

I was made to move my car

我被迫挪动了我的汽车。

为了避免重复,有时make(主动语态)之后的不定式可省去:

Why did you tell him

He made metell him)!

—你为什么要告诉他?

—是他迫使我(告诉他)的!

make(被动语态)之后的不定式可由to来代表:

I was made totell him).

我是被迫(告诉他)的。

F would rathersooner rathersooner than(参见第297与第298书):

Shall we go today

Id rather wait till tomorrow

—我们今天去好吗?

—我宁可等到明天再去。

RatherSooner than risk a bad crossing he postponed his journey

他不愿冒大风险,推迟了横渡海峡的旅行。

G had better(参见第120节):

You had better start at once,’he said

他说:“你最好马上就动身。”

H help后面接带to或不带to的不定式都可以:

He helped usto push it

他帮我们推它。

I 如果两个不定式由and连接在一起,通常可将第二个不定式的to省略:

I intend to sit in the garden and write letters

我打算坐在花园里并写些信。

I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch

我要你站在我身边拿着手电筒。

J but except跟在 do anythingnothingeverything后面时,可以与不带to的不定式连用:

He does nothing but complain

他只是一个劲地抱怨。

My dog does everything but speak

我的狗除了不会说话以外什么都会。

Cant you do anything but ask silly questions

你别一个劲地提愚蠢的问题好吗?(你除了提愚蠢的问题,难道不会干点别的?)

Theres nothing to do but wait

除了等候没有别的办法。

K 在下列句子中to可有可无:

The only thing to dowe can do isto write to him

唯一可做的事/我们唯一能做的事是给他写信。

All we can do isto write to him

(译文同上。)


 


247 to代表的不定式

 

为了避免重复,不定式可只用一个to来代表。这种用法主要用于下列动词之后: hate hope intend would likelovemake(被动语态),mean plan try want;也用于助动词如have need ought之后时以及与 used to be able to be going to结构连用时:

Would you like to come with me

Yes Id love to

—你愿意和我一起走吗?

—是的,我愿意。

Did you get a ticket

No I tried to but there werent any left.—你有票了吗?

—没有,我尽力找了,可一张也没有了。

Why did you take a taxi

I had totake one).I was late

—你为什么坐出租汽车?

—我不得不坐。(因为)我晚了。

Do you ride

Not now but I used to

—你骑马吗?

—我现在不骑了,但以前骑。

He wanted to go but he wasnt able to

他想去,但去不了。

Have you fed the dog

No but Im just going to

—你喂过狗了吗?

—没有,我这就要去呢。


 

248 分裂不定式

 

to和动词原形之间插入另一个词,称为分裂不定式。这种用法过去常被认为是文字不通顺,但现在人们对它的看法比较宽容了。

在日常口语中really常常接在to之后而位于动词原形之前。

It would take ages to really master this subject

这门学科需要许多年才能真正掌握。

这个地方如用 really to master,反而显得过分正式。

其他一些程度副词如completelyentirely,(unduly也可同样使用。可以说:

a to completely cover the floor完全铺满地板

而不说:

b to cover the floor completely

a to unduly alarm people过分使人们惊惶

而不说:

b to alarm people unduly

但按照惯例,如上面(b)所示则较为安全。


 

249 可起连词作用的不定式

 

A 不定式用在only后面时,常表示一种令人失望的后果:

He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty

他急忙赶到那所房子,却发现空无一人。相当于:

He hurried to the house and was disappointed when he found that it was empty

他急忙赶到那所房子,但发现房子空无一人时感到大为失望。

he survived the crash only to die in the desert.相当于:

He survived the crash but died in the desert

飞机坠毁时他幸免于难,后来却死在沙漠里。

B 不定式前不加 only也可以起连接作用,并且不带有不幸的含义:

He returned home to learn that his daughter had just become engaged

他回到家里,得知女儿才订了婚。

但这类用法主要限于如 find hear learnsee be told这类动词,否则用于起连接作用的不定式就可能被错认为是表示目的的不定式。


 

250 可替代关系从句的不定式

 

A 不定式可用于 the first the second等如此类推及 the last theonly之后,有时也可用于最高级之后(参见第77节):

He loves parties he is always the first to come and the last to leave

他喜欢参加社交聚会,总是头一个来,最后一个走。

She was the only one to survive the crash

她是这次事故中唯一的幸存者。

这样使用的不定式代替了主格代词+动词结构。下面B中将它与不定式代替宾格代词+动词结构进行了比较。

注意这里不定式的含义是主动的。如果需要被动的含义则用不定式的被动式:

He is the second man to be killed in this way

他是第二个这样死于非命的人。

the best play to be performed that year那年演出的最精彩的戏

试与下面短语比较:

the best play to perform 一出最适合/最应当由你演出的戏

B1 不定式可以放在名词和代词后面以表示可以怎么使用或处置它们,有时也可表示主语的愿望(参见第77节):

I have letters to write

我有信要写。

Does he get enough to eat

他吃得饱吗?

Have you anything to say

你有话要说吗?

At the customs I have nothing to declare

在海关检查站:我没有要报关的。

a house to let待出租的房子

不定式+介词结构也可以这样使用:

someone to talk to可与交谈的人

a case to keep my records in放我的磁带的盒子

cushions to sit on 坐垫

a glass to drink out of 喝水杯

a tool to open it with用来打开这东西的工具

a table to write on写字台

2 不定式被动式的类似用法

There is plenty to do

a)有不少事情可做。即可供自娱的事。

b)有不少工作必须做。

there be+名词/代词+不定式结构如有“义务”的含义,如上面(b)所示,则可用不定式的被动形式:

There is a lot to be done

有大量的事要做。

但不定式的主动形式用得更多。


 

251 某些特定的名词之后的不定式

 

常用的可以直接跟不定式的名词有:

ability           demand             failure             request

ambition       desire                offer               scheme

anxiety         determination     plan                willingness

attempt         eagerness          promise           wish

decision        effort                refusal

例句如:

His ability to get on with people is his chief asset

他与人融洽相处的能力是他的主要资本。

He made an attempt/effort to stand up

他努力要站起来。

Failure to obey the regulations may result in disqualification

若不遵守规章,就会被取消资格。

Their offer/planpromise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously

他们重新修建城镇的提议/计划/保证没有得到重视。

She was annoyed by his unwillingness to do his share of the work

他不愿干他那一份工作,这使她很不高兴。


 

252 tooenough以及soas 之后的不定式

 

A too+形容词/副词+不定式

1 too+形容词+不定式

a)不定式可以是指句子的主语而言,此时它具有主动含义:

You are too young to understand

你太年轻了没法懂得(这件事)。

He was too drunk to drive home

他醉得太厉害了,没法开车回家。

b)不定式也可以指动词的宾语而言,此时它具有被动的含义:

The plate was so hot that we couldnt touch it

盘子太烫,碰不得。

可以表示为:

The plate was too hot to touch

盘子烫得没法碰。

注意:第一句中touch的宾语it在第二句的不定式结构里消失了,因为不定式虽然形式上是主动的,在含义上却是被动的。

有时,不定式的主动式或被动式都可用:

This parcel is too heavy to sendto be sent by post

这个包裹太重了,不能邮寄。

但并不是在任何情况下以上两种形式都可用,学生因此最好一律使用不定式的主动式。

该结构中不定式之前可以加上for+名词/代词:

The case was too heavyfor a child to carry.相当于:

The case was too heavy to be carried by a child

箱子太重了,孩子搬不动。

c)与此类似的情况是,不定式可以指介词的宾语而言:

The grass was so wet that we couldnt sit on it

草地湿得没法坐。

The grass was too wetfor us to sit on

草地太湿了,(我们)不能坐。

The light is so weak that we cant read by it

光线太暗了,我们无法看书。

The light is too weak to read by

光线太暗,不能看书。

2 too+形容词+a+名词+不定式

He was too shrewd a businessman to accept the first offer.相当于:

As a businessman he was too shrewd to accept the first offer

他是一个极为精明的生意人,不会接受第一次报价。

He is too experienced a conductor to mind what the critics say.相当于:

As a conductor he is too experienced to mind what the critics say

他是一位经验非常丰富的指挥家,根本不会在乎评论家的意见。

如以上A1中那样,这里的不定式总是指主语而言。这里也可以用不定式的被动式:

He was too experienced a conductor to be worried by what the critics said

他是一位经验极为丰富的指挥家,不至于为批评家们的意见犯愁。

3 too+副词+不定式

It is too soonfor me to say whether the scheme will succeed or not

现在要我来说计划能否成功还为时过早。

He spoke too quickly for me to understand

他说得太快了,我听不懂。(这里for me是必要的。)

She works too slowly to be much use to me

她干活太慢,对我不会有多大帮助。

B 形容词/副词+enough+不定式

1 形容词+enough+不定式

a)如在too结构中一样,不定式可以指动词的主语而言:

She is old enough to travel by herself

她已经到了可以自己出门旅行的年龄了。

He was tall enough to see over the heads of the other people

他身材高得可以从别人头顶上看过去。

b)这种结构还可以指动词的宾语而言:

The case is light enough for me to carry.相当于:

The case is so light that I can carry it

这箱子很轻,我搬得动。

After a few minutes the coffee was cool enoughfor us to drink

几分钟后,咖啡凉了一些,(我们)可以喝了。

c)这种结构也可以指介词的宾语而言:

The ice was thick enough to walk on

冰厚得上面可以走人。

The light was strong enough to read by

光线亮得足可以看书。

2 enough既可作代词用,也可作形容词用:

He doesnt earn enoughmoney to live on

他挣的钱不够过日子的。

We havent enough time to do it properly

我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。

She had enough sense to turn off the gas

她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。

haveenough+抽象名词结构常常可以用havethe+名词结构替代:

She had the sense to turn off the gas

她还有点脑筋,知道关掉煤气。

He had the courage to admit his mistake

他有勇气承认自己的错误。

I hadnt the patience to listen to any more

我没有耐心再听下去了。

但这里time之前的the可省略:

We haventthetime to do it properly

我们没有足够的时间把这件事做好。

3 副词+enough+不定式:

He didnt jump high enough to win a prize

他跳得不够高,没能得奖。

He spoke slowly enough for everyone to understand

他说得很慢,每个人都听得懂。

C so+形容词+as+不定式:

He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked

他真傻,车都没有锁。

这种说法可用来代替上面B1中的enough结构,但必须注意He was foolish enough to leave his car unlocked的含义既可以是他实际这样做了,也可以是他可能这样做,即他傻到竟会不知道锁车的地步;而 He was so foolish as to leave则意指他实际上这样做了。

像上边讲的soas结构的那种用法不常见,但它用为一种请求形式则是很常见的:

Would you be so good as to forward my letters?相当于:

Would you be good enough to forward my letters

劳驾把我的信件转给我,好吗?

这两种形式之间并无含义上的差别,但千万不要遗漏as。(关于其他形容词+不定式结构参见第26节与第27节。)


 

253 位于句首或句末的不定式短语

 

某些特定的不定式短语既可位于句首,有时也可位于句末。不定式的这种作用与修饰全句的状语相似(参见第40节):

To be perfectly frankyoure a bad driver

非常坦率地说,你车开得不好。

To be honest I just dont like him

说老实话,我就是不喜欢他。

To be fairto him), he wasnt entirely to blame

说句公平话,这事不能都怪他一个人。

To cut a long story short we said,‘No!’

长话短说吧,我们没有同意。

To tell you the truthIve never met him./Ive never met him to tell

you the truth

给你说真的,我从没见过他。


 

254 不定式的进行式

 

A 形式

to be+现在分词:

He seems to be following us

他好像在跟着我们。

B 用法

不定式的进行式可用于:

1 助动词之后:

Theyll be wondering where you are

他们会纳闷你在哪里。

He maymight be watching TV

He cantcouldnt be watching TV

—他可能在看电视。

—他不会在看电视。

There are no programmes today because of the strike

由于罢工,今天没有节目。(否定的推论)

He must be coming by bus

他一定是乘公共汽车来。(推论)

You shouldnt be reading a novelYou should be reading a textbook

现在你不该看小说,你应该看课本。

2 appearhappenpretendseem之后:

He appears/seems to be living in the area.相当于:

It appears/seems that he is living in the area

(看来)他似乎就住在这一带。

He appearedseemed to be living in the area.相当于:

It appearedseemed that he was living in the area

当时(看来)他似乎就住在那一带。

I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.相当于:

It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed

他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。

He pretended to be looking for a book.相当于:

He pretended that he was looking for a book

他假装在找书。

3 hopepromise之后,或agreearrangedecidedeterminebe determinedplanundertake之后,但用于hopepromise后更常见:

I hopehoped to be earning my living in a years time.相当于:

I hope I willI hoped I would be earning

我希望在一年内能自食其力。

determine/be determinedplan等词可代替上面句子中的hope,然而意思稍有不同:

I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out

我答应在门口一直等到他出来。

agree arrange decide determinebe determined plan undertake等词可代替上面句子中的promise,意思各不相同。

4 在被动时态的 believe consider suppose think等之后:He is believed to be living in Mexico

据信他现在住在墨西哥。(参见第306节。)


 

255 不定式的完成式

 

A 形式

to have+过去分词:

to have worked

to have spoken

B 与助动词连用

1 waswere连用表示未完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):

The house was to have been ready today

这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)

2 should would might could一起构成条件完成时(参见第223节):

If I had seen her I should have invited her

我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。

3shouldought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):

He should have helped her

他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)

I shouldntoughtnt to have lied to him

我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)

4 shouldwould like连用表示未实现的愿望(参见第 296D):

He would like to have seen it

他本想看看它。(但没能看到)

这句也可写成:

He would have liked to see it

即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。

5 could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:

I could have made a lot of money

我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)

He couldmight have phoned her

他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)

(另参见第134节与第138节。)

6 mightcould连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:

He mightcould have told me

他本应告诉我!

I am annoyed that he didnt tell me

他没告诉我,我很不高兴。(参见第285D。)

7 maymight连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:

He maymight have left.相当于:

It is possible that hehas left

他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)

You mightcould have been killed

(那时)你可能会送了命的!

8 cantcouldnt连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):

He cantcouldnt have moved the piano himself

这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。

We knew he couldnt have paid for itbecause he had no money

我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。

9 must连用表示肯定的推论(参见第156节):

He must have come this way here are his footprints

他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。

10 neednt连用表示过去不必要的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):

You neednt have hurried Now we are too early

你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。

You neednt have cooked it We could have eaten it raw

你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。

C 与某些别的动词连用

1 appearhappenpretendseem连用

注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:

He seems to be a great athlete

他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:

It seems that he is

我们的印象是他是……

He seemed to be a great athlete

那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:

It seemed that he was

那时我们的印象是他是一名……

不定式的完成式:

He seems to have been

他看来曾经是…相当于:

It seems that he was

我们的印象是他曾经是……

He seemed to have been

那时看来他曾经是……相当于:

It seemed that he had been

那时我们的印象是他曾经是……

这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。

其他例子如:

I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:

It happened that I had driven that kind of car before

碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

He pretended to have read the book.相当于:

He pretended that he had read it

他假装曾经读过那本书。

2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge believe considerfindknowreportsay supposethink understand

He is understood to have left the country

据了解他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)

3 不定式的完成式可与claimexpecthopepromise连用,但不那么常见:

He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:

He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June

他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。


 

256 不定式的完成进行式

 

A 形式

to have been+现在分词:

He seems to have been spying for both sides

他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。

B 用法

主要用于助动词之后和appearseem之后,但也可以用在happen pretend以及believe know report say understand的被动式之后:

He says he was talking to Tom

He couldnt have been talking to TomTom wasnt there

—他说他当时在跟汤姆说话。

—他当时不可能在和汤姆说话。汤姆当时不在那里。

I was following Peter closely

You shouldnt have been following him closelyyou should have left a good space between the two cars

—当时我正紧紧地跟着彼得。

—你不应该紧跟着他;而应该使两车之间保持相当的距离。

He appears to have been waiting a long time.相当于:

It appears that he has been waiting a long time

看来他已经等了很久了。

He pretended to have been studying.相当于:

He pretended that he had been studying

他假装一直在学习的样子。