sed总结
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看了各个linux 论坛的帖子,感觉sed的介绍不少,但有点零乱,在这里整理一下,希望能对学习者有所帮助!注:sed使用中除了多个命令时, -e选项一般可以省略!基础:正则表达式(Regular Expression)在学习sed前,首先了解RE的基本知识,大体上最基本也需要知道下面这些,如果不了解正则表达式,那么您将很难进阶引用:- 錨點(anchor)用以標識 RE 於句子中的位置所在. 常見有:^: 表示句首. 如 ^abc 表示以 abc 開首的句子.$: 表示句尾. 如 abc$ 表示以 abc 結尾的句子.\<: 表示詞首. 如 \<abc 表示以 abc 開首的詞.\>: 表示詞尾. 如 abc\> 表示以 abc 結尾的詞.- 修飾字符(modifier)獨立表示時本身不具意義, 專門用以修改前一個 char. set 的出現次數. 常見有:*: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數為 0 或多次. 如 ab*c 表示 a 與 c 之間可有 0 或多個 b 存在.?: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數為 0 或 1 次. 如 ab?c 表示 a 與 c 之間可有 0 或 1 個 b 存在.+: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數為 1 或多次. 如 ab+c 表示 a 與 c 之間可有 1 或多個 b 存在.{n}: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數必須為 n 次. 如 ab{3,}c 表示 a 與 c 之間必須有 3 個 b 存在.{n,}: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數至少為 n 次. 如 ab{3,}c 表示 a 與 c 之間至少有 3 個 b 存在.{n,m}: 表示前一個 char. set 的出現次數為 n 到 m 次. 如 ab{3,5}c 表示 a 與 c 之間有 3 到 5 個 b 存在.. : 匹配任意一个字符(1个).*:匹配任意多个字符(1或多个)sed全功略1.sed用法介绍s e d是一个非交互性文本流编辑器。它编辑文件或标准输入导出的文本拷贝。• 抽取域。• 匹配正则表达式。• 比较域。• 增加、附加、替换。• 基本的s e d命令和一行脚本。[notice]无论命令是什么, s e d并不与初始化文件打交道,它操作的只是一个拷贝,然后所有的改动如果没有重定向到一个文件,将输出到屏幕。基本格式:(1)sed怎样读取数据s e d从文件的一个文本行或从标准输入的几种格式中读取数据,将之拷贝到一个编辑缓冲区,然后读命令行或脚本的第一条命令,并使用这些命令查找模式或定位行号编辑它。重复此过程直到命令结束。 (2)调用sed调用s e d有三种方式:a.在命令行键入命令; sed [选项] s e d命令输入文件b.将s e d命令插入脚本文件,然后调用s e d; sed [选项] -f sed脚本文件输入文件c.将s e d命令插入脚本文件,并使s e d脚本可执行。 sed脚本文件 [选项] 输入文件2.sed选项s e d选项如下:-n 不打印;s e d不写编辑行到标准输出,缺省为打印所有行(编辑和未编辑)。p命令可以用来打印编辑行。-f 如果正在调用s e d脚本文件,使用此选项。此选项通知s e d一个脚本文件支持所有的s e d命令,例如:sed -f myscript.sed input_file,这里m y s c r i p t . s e d即为支持s e d命令的文件。-c 下一命令是编辑命令。使用多项编辑时加入此选项。如果只用到一条s e d命令,此选项无用,但指定它也没有关系。-i 编辑原文件(此选项慎用,如果使用则原文件就会被修改,无法恢复)。3.保存sed输出a.重定向(下面将sed命令的所有输出至文件 output-file 中)
- sed [-n] [-e] 'command' file(s)
- sed [-n] -f scriptfile file(s)
b. w 写文本到一个文件
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~$ sed 'some-sed-commands' input-file>output-file
- [address [,address]]w filename
另外,同样r 从另一个文件中读文本
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '1,2w test.bak' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.bak
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
4.sed基础用法使用sed在文件中查询文本的方式:sed浏览输入文件时,缺省从第一行开始,有两种方式定位文本:a. 使用行号,可以是一个简单数字,或是一个行号范围。b. 使用正则表达式。例:x #为一行号,如1x,y #表示行号范围从x到y,如2,5表示从第2行到第5行/pattern/ #查询包含模式的行。例如/disk/或/[a-z]//pattern/pattern/ #查询包含两个模式的行。例如/disk/disks//pattern/,x #在给定行号上查询包含模式的行。如/ribbon/,3x,/pattern/ #通过行号和模式查询匹配行。3,/vdu/x,y! #查询不包含指定行号x和y的行。1,2!基本sed编辑命令:sed编辑命令p 打印匹配行= 显示文件行号a\ 在定位行号后附加新文本信息i\ 在定位行号后插入新文本信息d 删除定位行c\ 用新文本替换定位文本s 使用替换模式替换相应模式r 从另一个文件中读文本w 写文本到一个文件q 第一个模式匹配完成后推出或立即推出l 显示与八进制A S C I I代码等价的控制字符{ } 在定位行执行的命令组n 从另一个文件中读文本下一行,并附加在下一行g 将模式2粘贴到/pattern n/y 传送字符n 延续到下一输入行;允许跨行的模式匹配语句举例:
- address r filename
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '1p' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '1p' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '2p' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '2,3p' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '/company/p' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '2,/23:00/p' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '2,3!p' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
附加 [address]a\附加内容 #缺省放在每一行后面
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '=' test.txt
- 1
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- 2
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- 3
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- 4
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '=' test.txt
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '/music/p' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '/music/=' test.txt
- 2
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '/music/p' -e '/music/=' test.txt
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- 2
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '=;p' test.txt
- 1
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- 2
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- 3
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- 4
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '=;p' test.txt
- 1
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- 2
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- 3
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- 4
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -n -e '=' -e 'p' test.txt
- 1
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- 2
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- 3
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- 4
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$
插入 [address]i\插入内容 #缺省放在每一行前面
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 'a\this line will be added to the end of each line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- this line will be added to the end of each line!oooooooooo
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- this line will be added to the end of each line!oooooooooo
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- this line will be added to the end of each line!oooooooooo
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- this line will be added to the end of each line!oooooooooo
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/music/a\this line will be added to the end of the matching line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- this line will be added to the end of the matching line!oooooooooo
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
更改行 [address]c\更改后整行内容 #缺省修改每一行
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 'i\this line will be inserted to the begin of each line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- this line will be inserted to the begin of each line!oooooooooo
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- this line will be inserted to the begin of each line!oooooooooo
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- this line will be inserted to the begin of each line!oooooooooo
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- this line will be inserted to the begin of each line!oooooooooo
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/music/i\this line will be inserted to the begin of the matching line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- this line will be inserted to the begin of the matching line!oooooooooo
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
删除定位行
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 'c\this line will be modified to the each line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- this line will be modified to the each line!oooooooooo
- this line will be modified to the each line!oooooooooo
- this line will be modified to the each line!oooooooooo
- this line will be modified to the each line!oooooooooo
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/music/c\this line will be modified to the matching line!oooooooooo' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- this line will be modified to the matching line!oooooooooo
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
5.sed高级用法---替换替换
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/music/d' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
使用替换修改字符串 &
- [address]s/old/new/g[code]
- [address]s/pattern/replacement #the first occurrence on the address(缺省所有行)
- [address]s/pattern/replacement/g #all occurrences on the address(缺省所有行)
- [code]
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/h/ooooo/' test.txt
- Toooooe honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad toooooe disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- Toooooe local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/h/ooooo/g' test.txt
- Toooooe ooooooneysuckle band played all nigooooot long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad toooooe disco floor fell tooooorougooooo at 23:00.
- Toooooe local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '1,2s/h/ooooo/' test.txt
- Toooooe honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '1,2s/h/ooooo/g' test.txt
- Toooooe ooooooneysuckle band played all nigooooot long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/\$/s/h/ooooo/g' test.txt
- Toooooe ooooooneysuckle band played all nigooooot long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '/^It/,/23:00/s/l/ooooo/g' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of spoooooendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco fooooooor feoooooooooo through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
分隔符变换(避免产生歧义)
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/$90/&230/g' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90230.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/90/120,&/g' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $120,90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
规则表达式混乱题目zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat testThis</b> is what <b>I</b> meant.想要得到的答案:This is what I meant.错误解法:
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo $PWD
- /home/zhyfly/bash
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo $PWD|sed -e 's:/:@:g'
- @home@zhyfly@bash
正确解法:
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test
- This</b> is what <b>I</b> meant.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/<.*>//g' test
- This meant.
题目要用sed把字符“\”转化成“'”该怎么写?错误解法:
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/<[^>]*>//g' test
- This is what I meant.
正确解法:
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo "hello\hh\haha"
- hello\hh\haha
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo "hello\hh\haha"|sed -e 's/\\/'/g'
- >
- > bash: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `''
- bash: syntax error: unexpected end of file
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo "hello\hh\haha"|sed -e 's/\\/\'/g'
- >
- > bash: unexpected EOF while looking for matching `''
- bash: syntax error: unexpected end of file
你看出来了吗?更多字符匹配:'[a-x]*'这将匹配零或多个全部为 'a'、'b'、'c'...'v'、'w'、'x' 的字符。另外,可以使用 '[:space:]' 字符类来匹配空格。以下是可用字符类的相当完整的列表:字符类 描述
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ echo "hello\hh\haha"|sed -e 's/\\/'"'"'/g'
- hello'hh'haha
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$
域关于域应用一个较复杂的例子讲解题目:[file1.txt]1C21C31C311C321C42C32C41D11D101D121D21D31D311RC21RC201RC211RC31RC311WR11WR21WR201WR211WR23 排序后[file2.txt]1 C 21 C 32 C 31 C 42 C 41 C 311 C 321 D 11 D 21 D 31 D 101 D 121 D 311 RC 21 RC 31 RC 201 RC 211 RC 311 WR 11 WR 21 WR 201 WR 211 WR 23规律:将每行分成三部分: “数字1” “字符串” “数字2”(即三个域)第一、三字段按numberic顺序排序,中间部分按字母排序 ,优先级顺序2 3 1解答思路:首先需要将文件的每行分成三个域,这就利用到sed的分域功能,可以这样分(其中包含分域的格式):
- [:alnum:] 字母数字 [a-z A-Z 0-9]
- [:alpha:] 字母 [a-z A-Z]
- [:blank:] 空格或制表键
- [:cntrl:] 任何控制字符
- [:digit:] 数字 [0-9]
- [:graph:] 任何可视字符(无空格)
- [:lower:] 小写 [a-z]
- [:print:] 非控制字符
- [:punct:] 标点字符
- [:space:] 空格
- [:upper:] 大写 [A-Z]
- [:xdigit:] 十六进制数字 [0-9 a-f A-F]
- /^\([0-9]*\)\([A-Z]*\)\([0-9]*\)/\1 \2 \3/
分域后
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat file1.txt
- 1C2
- 1C3
- 1C31
- 1C32
- 1C4
- 2C3
- 2C4
- 1D1
- 1D10
- 1D12
- 1D2
- 1D3
- 1D31
- 1RC2
- 1RC20
- 1RC21
- 1RC3
- 1RC31
- 1WR1
- 1WR2
- 1WR20
- 1WR21
- 1WR23
排序后
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/^\([0-9]*\)\([A-Z]*\)\([0-9]*\)/\1 \2 \3 /g' file1.txt
- 1 C 2
- 1 C 3
- 1 C 31
- 1 C 32
- 1 C 4
- 2 C 3
- 2 C 4
- 1 D 1
- 1 D 10
- 1 D 12
- 1 D 2
- 1 D 3
- 1 D 31
- 1 RC 2
- 1 RC 20
- 1 RC 21
- 1 RC 3
- 1 RC 31
- 1 WR 1
- 1 WR 2
- 1 WR 20
- 1 WR 21
- 1 WR 23
9下面的例子比较复杂:题目文件内容file.txt:123456 345678 2005-05-06 123456123456 234567 2003-5-6 234567345555 987644 2003-4-23 543333555555 999999 2004-11-5 999999 要将第四列数据变成正常的年月日,将2003-5-6 变成2003-05-0;2003-4-23变成2003-04-23; 2004-11-5变成 2004-11-05 解答首先将需要改变的部分分域
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~$ sed 'some-sed-commands' input-file>output-file
注意实现起来又有多种方法:
- /-\([0-9]\)-/-0\1-/ #月
- /-\([0-9]\) /-0\1 / #日
注::a - labelta - goto to :a to rerun sed if the last sed is finished successfully.简单说, 就是循环。多个命令常用的方法主要有a.利用多个-e选项b.利用 ;c.使用脚本文件上面几种方法,前面也有提到。
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat file.txt
- 123456 345678 2005-05-06 123456
- 123456 234567 2003-5-6 234567
- 345555 987644 2003-4-23 543333
- 555555 999999 2004-11-5 999999
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/-\([0-9]\)-/-0\1-/g' -e 's/-\([0-9]\) /-0\1 /g' file.txt
- 123456 345678 2005-05-06 123456
- 123456 234567 2003-05-06 234567
- 345555 987644 2003-04-23 543333
- 555555 999999 2004-11-05 999999
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e 's/-\([0-9]\)-/-0\1-/g;s/-\([0-9]\) /-0\1 /g' file.txt
- 123456 345678 2005-05-06 123456
- 123456 234567 2003-05-06 234567
- 345555 987644 2003-04-23 543333
- 555555 999999 2004-11-05 999999
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e :a -e 's/-\([0-9]\)\([- ]\)/-0\1\2/;ta' file.txt
- 123456 345678 2005-05-06 123456
- 123456 234567 2003-05-06 234567
- 345555 987644 2003-04-23 543333
- 555555 999999 2004-11-05 999999
前两种方法比较简单,下面重点讲一下第三种方法首先创建sed脚本文件-->赋予执行权限-->执行文件
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '2,3s/a/ooooo/g' -e '2,3s/d/ddddd/g' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It wooooos ooooon evening of splendddddiddddd music ooooonddddd compooooony.
- Too boooooddddd the dddddisco floor fell through ooooot 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -e '2,3s/a/ooooo/g;2,3s/d/ddddd/g' test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It wooooos ooooon evening of splendddddiddddd music ooooonddddd compooooony.
- Too boooooddddd the dddddisco floor fell through ooooot 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat sub.sed
- #!/bin/sed -f
- 2,3s/a/ooooo/g
- 2,3s/d/ddddd/g
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sudo chmod +x sub.sed
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ cat test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It was an evening of splendid music and company.
- Too bad the disco floor fell through at 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ ./sub.sed test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It wooooos ooooon evening of splendddddiddddd music ooooonddddd compooooony.
- Too boooooddddd the dddddisco floor fell through ooooot 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
- zhyfly@zhyfly:~/bash$ sed -f sub.sed test.txt
- The honeysuckle band played all night long for only $90.
- It wooooos ooooon evening of splendddddiddddd music ooooonddddd compooooony.
- Too boooooddddd the dddddisco floor fell through ooooot 23:00.
- The local nurse Miss P.Neave was in attendance.
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