Spring代码分析:加载与初始化

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一般的Web项目都会在web.xml中加入Spring监听器,内容如下:

<listener>         <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener><context-param>         <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>         <param-value>classpath*:applicationContext-struts.xml,classpath*:spring/applicationContext.xml</param-value> </context-param>

我们的问题是,Spring是何时以及如何加载我们的配置文件来初始化Bean工厂的,带着这些问题,我们展开研究:

我们先来看看web.xml中配置的监听器的类,来回答我们的问题,Spring是何时来加载我们的配置文件的:

org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener

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它继承了javax.servlet.ServletContextListener接口。

ServletContextListener是J2EE Servlet API中的一个标准接口,

它能够监听ServletContext对象的生命周期,实际上就是监听Web应用的生命周期。

当Servlet容器启动或终止Web应用时,会触发ServletContextEvent事件,该事件由ServletContextListener来处理。

 

这里面有两个方法我们比较感兴趣:

/**  * Create the ContextLoader to use. Can be overridden in subclasses.  * @return the new ContextLoader  */protected ContextLoader createContextLoader() {       return new ContextLoader(); }

这个方法构造一个默认的ContextLoader,ContextLoader可以理解为Spring上下文的加载器。之所以这样去定义这样一个类,是为了开发人员进行重写此方法来使用一个自定义的Spring上下文的加载器。

/**  * Initialize the root web application context.  */ public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {      this.contextLoader = createContextLoader();      this.contextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext()); }

这个方法很简单,仅仅只是调用了createContextLoader()构造了ContextLoader,并调用其初始化方法。

由此,我们可以得出结论,Spring是在Web项目启动时,通过ServletContextListener机制,来加载以及初始化Spring上下文的。

 

下面,我们好好研究一下Spring是如何加载其上下文的:

我们先定位ContextLoader类。

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看看此类的initWebApplicationContext()方法(省略了不重要的语句)

/**  * Initialize Spring's web application context for the given servlet context,  * according to the "{@link #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM contextClass}" and  * "{@link #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM contextConfigLocation}" context-params.  * @param servletContext current servlet context  * @return the new WebApplicationContext  * @throws IllegalStateException if there is already a root application context present  * @throws BeansException if the context failed to initialize  * @see #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM  * @see #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM  */ public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext)         throws IllegalStateException, BeansException {    if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) {             throw new IllegalStateException(                     "Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " +                     "check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!");     }    try {         // Determine parent for root web application context, if any.         ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);        // Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that         // it is available on ServletContext shutdown.         this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext, parent);         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);         currentContextPerThread.put(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), this.context);        return this.context;     } catch (RuntimeException ex) {         logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex);         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, ex);         throw ex;     } catch (Error err) {         logger.error("Context initialization failed", err);         servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, err);         throw err;     } }

其中的有两句比较重要,我们来看看:

ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);

这个方法的用途主要是用来解决Spring共享环境的,即,如果我们有多个WAR包部署在同一个服务器上,而且这些WAR都共享某一套业务逻辑层。如何共享一套业务逻辑包配置而不要每个WAR都单独配置,这时我们就可能需要Spring的共享环境了。

protected ApplicationContext loadParentContext(ServletContext servletContext) throws BeansException {    ApplicationContext parentContext = null;    // 从web.xml中读取父工厂的配置文件,默认为:"classpath*:beanRefContext.xml"     String locatorFactorySelector = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_SELECTOR_PARAM);    // 从web.xml中读取父类工厂的名称     String parentContextKey = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_KEY_PARAM);    if (parentContextKey != null) {         // locatorFactorySelector may be null, indicating the default "classpath*:beanRefContext.xml"         BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);         this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);         parentContext = (ApplicationContext) this.parentContextRef.getFactory();     }    return parentContext; }

现在我们引入BeanFactoryLocator,它是Spring配置文件的一个定位器,Spring官方给它的定义是用来查找,使用和释放一个BeanFactory或其子类的接口。下面我们看看此图:

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ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);

是根据参数locatorFactorySelector去一个单例工厂中去拿一个对应的BeanFactoryLocator,也即,如果工厂中没有对应于locatorFactorySelector的BeanFactoryLocator对象,那就返回一个新的BeanFactoryLocator实例(这里是ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator的实例),否则,就从工厂里取现有的BeanFactoryLocator对象。

ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator里维护了一个静态的Map对象instances,每次需要新增BeanFactoryLocator实例时都会更新这个Map对象,这个Map对象是以配置文件名为KEY,BeanFactoryLocator对象为值。原因很简单,就是希望同一个配置文件只被初始化一次。

如果没有在web.xml中定义locatorFactorySelector这个参数,父环境的配置文件默认使用:"classpath*:beanRefContext.xml"

 

this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);

此方法定义在SingletonBeanFactoryLocator类中,同样是一个单例工厂模式,判断传入的参数parentContextKey对应的BeanFactory是否有被初始化,经过上面的ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector)指定Spring父环境配置文件,这个方法判断指定的父环境是否被初始化,如果有则返回,没有就进行初始化。看看此方法的实现:

public BeanFactoryReference useBeanFactory(String factoryKey) throws BeansException {     synchronized (this.bfgInstancesByKey) {         BeanFactoryGroup bfg = (BeanFactoryGroup) this.bfgInstancesByKey.get(this.resourceLocation);        if (bfg != null) {             bfg.refCount++;         } else {             // Create the BeanFactory but don't initialize it.             BeanFactory groupContext = createDefinition(this.resourceLocation, factoryKey);            // Record its existence now, before instantiating any singletons.             bfg = new BeanFactoryGroup();             bfg.definition = groupContext;             bfg.refCount = 1;             this.bfgInstancesByKey.put(this.resourceLocation, bfg);             this.bfgInstancesByObj.put(groupContext, bfg);            // Now initialize the BeanFactory. This may cause a re-entrant invocation             // of this method, but since we've already added the BeanFactory to our             // mappings, the next time it will be found and simply have its             // reference count incremented.             try {                 initializeDefinition(groupContext);             } catch (BeansException ex) {                 this.bfgInstancesByKey.remove(this.resourceLocation);                 this.bfgInstancesByObj.remove(groupContext);                 throw new BootstrapException("Unable to initialize group definition. " +                     "Group resource name [" + this.resourceLocation + "], factory key [" + factoryKey + "]", ex);             }         }        try {             BeanFactory beanFactory = null;             if (factoryKey != null) {                 beanFactory = (BeanFactory) bfg.definition.getBean(factoryKey, BeanFactory.class);             } else if (bfg.definition instanceof ListableBeanFactory) {                 beanFactory = (BeanFactory) BeanFactoryUtils.beanOfType((ListableBeanFactory) bfg.definition, BeanFactory.class);             } else {                 throw new IllegalStateException(                     "Factory key is null, and underlying factory is not a ListableBeanFactory: " + bfg.definition);             }             return new CountingBeanFactoryReference(beanFactory, bfg.definition);          } catch (BeansException ex) {              throw new BootstrapException("Unable to return specified BeanFactory instance: factory key [" +                     factoryKey + "], from group with resource name [" + this.resourceLocation + "]", ex);          }    } }

此方法分为两作了两件事,

第一,初始化上下文,主意这里初始化的是从web.xml配置参数里的Spring配置文件,也是上面讲loadParentContext方法里的

BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);

这句指定的参数。这里初始化的是这个配置文件所有Bean。我们指定的factoryKey对应的Bean也是其中之一。

 

第二,从已经初始化的Spring上下文环境中获取Spring父环境。

<beans>       <bean id="factoryBeanId" class="org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext">           <constructor-arg>                  <list>                       <value>sharebean.xml</value>                  </list>           </constructor-arg>       </bean>      <bean id="factoryBeanId2" class="org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext">           <constructor-arg>                  <list>                       <value>sharebean2.xml</value>                  </list>           </constructor-arg>       </bean> </beans>
<!—========================= web.xml ========================= -->  <context-param>          <param-name>locatorFactorySelector</param-name>          <param-value>beanRefFactory.xml</param-value>  </context-param>  <context-param>          <param-name>parentContextKey</param-name>          <param-value>factoryBeanId</param-value>  </context-param> 

这个一个典型的构造父环境的配置,web项目在启动的时候就会发现里面有Spring父环境的配置,那么Spring首先就会生成一个对应的配置文件为beanRefFactory.xml的BeanFactory(web.xml中的locatorFactorySelector参数指定),同时Spring在解析的时候,会发现factoryBeanId的配置同样为BeanFacotry(beanRefFactory.xml中factoryBeanId对应的Bean),所以Spring在拿父环境时就会写成:

beanFactory = (BeanFactory) bfg.definition.getBean(factoryKey, BeanFactory.class);

 

方法实现里引入了BeanFactoryGroup类。类的结构很简单

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refCount:用来记录实例被外部引用的记数,当调用locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey)方法时,引用数就会加1,当调用CountingBeanFactoryReference#release方法时,引用数就会减1,当它变成0时,Spring就会释放掉它占用的内存,同时也会销毁掉它definition变量引用的BeanFactory。下次再调用locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey)就会重新初始化BeanFactory。说到release,请同学们参考ContextLoader中如下的两条语句:

// 在调用CountingBeanFactoryReference#release后,即使对象已经销毁,这个Map仍然可以返回locator对象。

BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);

// 如果对象已经销毁,再调用此方法会再一次初始化BeanFactory 
this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);

 

bfgInstancesByKey:一个Map对象,以配置文件名为Key,配置文件解析后生成的BeanFactory构成的BeanFactoryGroup为值。

bfgInstancesByObj:一个Map对象,以BeanFactoryGroup.definitiion为Key,以BeanFactoryGroup为值。这个对象主要还是在CountingBeanFactoryReference#release时使用。

 

 

下面,我看再看看另一个地方:

if (parentContextKey != null) {       // locatorFactorySelector may be null, indicating the default "classpath*:beanRefContext.xml"       BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector);       this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);       parentContext = (ApplicationContext) this.parentContextRef.getFactory(); }BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector); 

上面这句仅仅是做了如下工作:

BeanFactoryLocator bfl = (BeanFactoryLocator) instances.get(resourceLocation); if (bfl == null) {       // 仅仅只是设置了ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator里的resourceLocation属性的值,并没有初始化工厂。         bfl = new ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator(resourceLocation);        instances.put(resourceLocation, bfl); }

而我们使用工厂模式的时候,一般是把对象初始化好了,再给外部使用,为什么Spring这里要多此一举,在调用getInstance这后还要去调用useBeanFactory来初始化父环境?为什么Spring开发者不写成如下:

BeanFactoryLocator bfl = (BeanFactoryLocator) instances.get(resourceLocation); if (bfl == null) {         bfl = new ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator(resourceLocation);        // 下面这句可能换成 initBeanFactory 类似语句,这里只是打个比方         bfl.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey);         instances.put(resourceLocation, bfl); }

本来我认为这个写法是必须的,后来想想也不是,不过这里体现了Spring的灵活设计。如果按排上面的方法进行改造有几点不妥,1,每次都会初始化,开销比较大,可能有需求是需要延迟初始化的。2,每次都需要初始化都需要传入两个参数,分别为:配置文件名与父工厂名,3,类职责混乱,比如一个配置文件中可能定义了多个父环境的Bean,采用Spring这种方法是很清晰的:

// 返回BeanFactoryLocator方便定位某个配置文件。BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(“classpath*: parentBeanFactory.xml”); parentContextRef1 = locator.useBeanFactory("parent1Key");parentContextRef2 = locator.useBeanFactory("parent2Key"); 

而使用我们改造的方法,则要写成如下:

parentContextRef1 = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance("parentBeanFactory.xml", "parent1Key"); parentContextRef2 = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance("parentBeanFactory.xml", "parent2Key"); 

相当麻烦且无语,引用了也只是这个配置文件中的某一个Bean的引用,没什么意义。

这就是为什么BeanFactoryLocator接口存在的一个原因,用于查找某个配置文件中的一个BeanFactory。

public interface BeanFactoryLocator {        BeanFactoryReference useBeanFactory(String factoryKey) throws BeansException;}

this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext, parent);

我们来看看这个函数做了些什么:

protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(             ServletContext servletContext, ApplicationContext parent) throws BeansException {       // 获得需要实例化的CONTEXT类名,确定ContextClass的类型。如果在web.xml中配置了contextClass这个parameter,        // 使用这个指定的类作为ContextClass,会抛出ClassNotFound的异常。反之,使用默认的XmlWebApplicationContext        Class contextClass = determineContextClass(servletContext);         // 所有的WebApplicationContext必须实现ConfigurableWebApplicationContext接口         if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {             throw new ApplicationContextException("Custom context class [" + contextClass.getName() +                     "] is not of type [" + ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.getName() + "]");         }        ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =                 (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);        // 设置父环境         wac.setParent(parent);        // 设置Servlet上下文环境         wac.setServletContext(servletContext);        // 设置Spring配置文件路径         wac.setConfigLocation(servletContext.getInitParameter(CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM));        customizeContext(servletContext, wac);        wac.refresh();       return wac; }protected Class determineContextClass(ServletContext servletContext) throws ApplicationContextException {       // 获得需要实例化的CONTEXT类名,在web.xml中有设置,如果没有设置,那么为空         String contextClassName = servletContext.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM);        if (contextClassName != null) {            try {                 return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName);             } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {                 throw new ApplicationContextException("Failed to load custom context class.", ex);             }        } else {           //如果在spring web.xml中没有设置context类位置,那么取得默认context           //取得defaultStrategies配置文件中的WebApplicationContext属性              contextClassName = defaultStrategies.getProperty(WebApplicationContext.class.getName());            try {                 return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader());            } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {                 throw new ApplicationContextException("Failed to load default context class.", ex);            }        } } 
private static final String DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH = "ContextLoader.properties";static {      // Load default strategy implementations from properties file.      // This is currently strictly internal and not meant to be customized      // by application developers.      try {          ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH, ContextLoader.class);          defaultStrategies = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);      } catch (IOException ex) {          throw new IllegalStateException("Could not load 'ContextLoader.properties': " + ex.getMessage());      } }

// 在ContextLoader.properties里定义如下

org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext=org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext

再来看看Spring是如果进行初始化ApplicationContext的。就以XmlWebApplicationContext来说,它继承了ConfigurableWebApplicationContext这个接口,里面有个refresh()方法,我们可以看看它的实现(AbstractApplicationContext):

public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {         synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {             // Prepare this context for refreshing.             prepareRefresh();            // Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.             ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();            // Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.             prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);            try {                 // Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.                 postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);                // Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.                 invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);                // Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.                 registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);                // Initialize message source for this context.                 initMessageSource();                // Initialize event multicaster for this context.                 initApplicationEventMulticaster();                // Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.                 onRefresh();                // Check for listener beans and register them.                 registerListeners();                // Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.                 finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);                // Last step: publish corresponding event.                 finishRefresh();             }  catch (BeansException ex) {                 // Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.                 beanFactory.destroySingletons();                // Reset 'active' flag.                 cancelRefresh(ex);                // Propagate exception to caller.                 throw ex;             }         } }

这个方法的实现由于涉及的东西比较多,比较国际化,事件等等,等我们理解了后续的源代码分析之后再重新过来进行研究。这样效率更高点。

这样关于Spring在web项目中加载及初始化的方式我们大概也了解的比较清楚了,我们可以看到,Spring就第一步,加载都已经做了很多工作,不得不佩服Spring团队的智慧。

 

最后,Spring加载完成之前,会将ApplicationContext放入ServletContext中,方便程序进行访问。

servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context); currentContextPerThread.put(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), this.context);

其中WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE定义如下:

String ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE = WebApplicationContext.class.getName() + ".ROOT";

 

Spring环境

加载组件:ContextLoaderListener

配置路径:Servlet环境初始化参数contextConfigLocation指定的路径

缺省路径: 没有缺省路径

 

Spring环境的父环境

加载组件:ContextLoaderListener和ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator

配置路径:Servlet环境初始化参数locatorFactorySelector指定Bean工厂定位器使用的给BeanFactory,Servlet环境初始化参数parentContextKey指定Bean工厂定位器用于查找BeanFactory的关键字

缺省路径: parentContextKey的缺省路径是classpath*:beanRefFactory.xml

 

这里我们还有一个功能相近的类没有进行说明:

ContextJndiBeanFactoryLocator

有兴趣的同学可以自己看一下。

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