iphone6的SAR值以及手机辐射知识

最近突然想找找IPHONE6的SAR值，谷歌不能用，百度360找不到，最后靠必应找到了这篇文章，感觉这人写的很不错，当中几句论述比较有意思，翻译一下，感觉这个做4，6级阅读文章不错。只是转发文章，别喷我，谢谢。。。


原文链接：http://www.prlog.org/12373670-iphone-6-sar-radiation-levels-and-separation-distance.html
原文：
iPhone 6 SAR: Radiation Levels and Separation Distance


What are the SAR levels for Apple’s iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus? What is the minimum body separation distance? How should the consumer use this information?


PRLog - Sep. 20, 2014 - BERKELEY, Calif. -- For both Apple iPhone 6 models, the SAR level for the head is 1.18. When using a body-worn accessory to keep the phone five millimeters from the body, the SAR level is 1.18 for the iPhone 6 and 1.19 for the iPhone 6 Plus. (1, 2) Thus, the minimum separation distance that the phones should be kept from the body is approximately two-tenths of an inch (i.e., 5 millimeters).
iphone的SAR值是头部为1.18，而且是让手机距离身体5毫米时的测量结果。


Like most cell phones, both new iPhone models have several transmitters that can simultaneously emit microwave radiation, which includes cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth radiation. When all these transmitters are turned on, the SAR value is 1.58 for the iPhone 6 and 1.59 for the iPhone 6 Plus. (1, 2) These levels are very close to the legal limit which is 1.60. To reduce exposure to microwave radiation, turn off any transmitters not in use.
所有的收发器都会泄露微波辐射，当蜂窝，wifi和蓝牙同时开启时，SAR值达到1.58，已经快接近法律限制的1.6了，所以不用时，请关闭这些收发器。


What does this information mean to the consumer?


The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires all cell phone models to be tested for their Specific Absorption Rate or SAR. The SAR is a measure of the maximum amount of microwave radiation absorbed by the head or the body. It is measured in a laboratory using an artificial model of a large adult male with different fluids to simulate human tissue. The SAR, which is measured in watts per kilogram, represents the maximum amount of energy absorbed in any one gram of tissue in the test model. Phones sold in the U.S. typically range in SAR values from about 0.20 up to the 1.60 legal limit. (3, 4)
SAR是人身体和脑部吸收辐射最大值的一个测量标准，它通过在实验室使用模拟人体组织的液体来测量。US的合法限制SAR值是1.6.


The SAR test, adopted in 1996 by the FCC, was criticized by the U.S. Government Accountability Office in 2012. (5) The test does not reflect those who currently use cell phones, nor does it correspond to the way people use them. Today many children are cell phone users -- the child’s brain absorbs twice the radiation as the adult’s brain. Moreover, the artificial head does not contain any metal (e.g., dental fillings, earrings, or eyeglass frames) which could increase the radiation absorption beyond what the laboratory-generated SAR reflects. (5)
美国政府行政办公室批评FCC1996年的SAR值测试标准，因为它没有考虑到一些特殊情况。比如孩子的脑部吸收的辐射量是成人的两倍，此外，实验室的模拟组织不包括任何金属，而现实中的人可能使用假牙，耳机和金属镜框，这些都会增加辐射的吸收量。


The FCC assumes that consumers will carry their cell phones in a manufacturer-approved holder that keeps the phone a minimum distance from the body. However, people do not reliably keep their phone away from their body in a cell phone holder. For the SAR test, the FCC allows the manufacturer to choose the separation distance between the cell phone and the test model as long as consumers are informed about the minimum distance tested. Few consumers are aware of the manufacturer’s recommended minimum body separation from their cell phone because this information is often difficult to find. Thus, most consumers are in the dark about precautions they can take to keep their exposure to microwave radiation below the legal limit.
FCC假设用户能够按照厂商建议的通话方式使用手机，即保持离身体一定距离。但是实际上人们很少这么做。FCC允许厂商自己选择测试时手机离身体的距离，只要这个距离已经告知用户。但是实际上很少人知道厂商推荐的这个距离，因为太难查找到了。


To ensure that the cell phone does not exceed the legal limit, consumers should never keep their cell phone in their pockets or next to their skin. The cell phone is not tested directly against the body because most cell phones would fail the SAR test as the radiation absorption increases dramatically when the cell phone is close to the body.
为了保证手机辐射不超过合法限制，用户不应该把他们的手机放到口袋里或者紧贴皮肤。实验室SAR值测试并没有直接挨着身体，因为如果那样绝大多数手机会超过合法限制值，因为手机靠近身体时辐射吸收值会剧烈增加。


Is the legal limit sufficient to protect the cell phone user’s health?


U.S. Federal policies and practices lead the public to believe that all legally-marketed cell phones are safe, and that a cell phone's SAR doesn't matter as long as it meets the legal limit: 1.6 watts per kilogram. (3, 4)


The Environmental Working Group and other scientific experts point out that the SAR only measures the maximum microwave absorption from cell phone use that perfectly matches laboratory conditions. The SAR is not a good indicator of one’s cumulative microwave exposure under natural conditions. The evidence suggests that how one uses the phone (e.g., hands-free) and one’s cell phone carrier actually matters a great deal more than the phone’s SAR level.  (4, 6, 7)
环境工作专家组和其他一些科学家指出，SAR值仅仅测量了完美实验室条件下的最大辐射吸收量，而不是一个好的自然条件下辐射累积的指标。证据显示一个人如何使用手机（有没有使用免提）和怎样携带手机，实际上比手机SAR级别重要的多。


The SAR standard was developed to protect users only from the acute effects of the heat generated by microwave radiation (i.e., the thermal effect). (5) The SAR limit does not protect users from non-thermal effects of cell phone radiation.
SAR标准仅仅用于保护用户避免微波辐射生成的剧烈热影响，并没有保护用户避免手机辐射的非热影响。


Yet, hundreds of laboratory studies with animals and cell samples have found deleterious biologic effects from short-term exposure to low intensity cell phone radiation, including development of stress proteins, micronuclei, free radicals, DNA breakage, and sperm damage. (8) Human studies have also found that brief exposure to cell phone radiation alters brain activity and can open the blood-brain barrier which could enable any chemical toxins in the blood system to penetrate the brain. (9)
数百个实验室动物研究已经发现，短期暴露在低强度手机辐射下，会产生有害的生物学影响。包括（原谅不是生物专业的，此处省略细胞压力增大，×××数字）。人体研究也发现在手机辐射下，会改变脑部活动，以及突破血脑障碍，使得血液系统中的任何化学毒素能够侵害脑袋。。。


Major studies with humans have found increased cancer risk, including a three-fold increase in brain cancer among those who used wireless phones (cell phones and cordless phones) for 25 or more years. (10)  Largely based upon this research, the World Health Organization in 2011 declared radiofrequency radiation possibly carcinogenic in humans (Group 2B). (11)
主流人体研究发现能够增加癌症风险，包括使用无线电话25年以上脑癌风险可能增加3倍。基于这些研究，世界卫生组织2011年宣布高频辐射可能致癌。


Other risks from cell phone use include reproductive health damage and male infertility, and neurological disorders (e.g., impaired cognitive functioning, headaches and migraines, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder). (12, 13)
使用手机的其他风险包括自我修复损伤，雄性激素缺乏，神经细胞紊乱（比如认知功能受损，头疼和偏头痛，注意力无法集中以及兴奋过度）


Based upon the weight of the evidence from several decades of research, many experts worldwide have signed declarations calling upon government to adopt stronger radiation standards to protect consumers from low intensity, non-thermal exposures from radiation associated with wireless communications, and to alert consumers about how to reduce their risk of harm. (14 -16)
基于几十年的研究证据，许多专家已经签署声明，号召政府采用更加严格的辐射标准，保护用户避免无线通信产生的低强度，非热辐射，以及告知用户怎样减少伤害风险。


The references tor this news release (http://www.saferemr.com/2014/09/iphone-6-sar-radiation-le...) and tips on how to reduce exposure to wireless radiation are available at Electromagnetic Radiation Safety (http://www.saferemr.com. (17)




Joel M. Moskowitz, Ph.D.
School of Public Health
University of California, Berkeley
加州伯克利公众健康学院joel