stdarg

from http://blog.csdn.net/holandstone/article/details/6947119

有关VA_LIST的用法:

VA_LIST 是在C语言中解决变参问题的一组宏

VA_LIST的用法：      
       （1）首先在函数里定义一具VA_LIST型的变量，这个变量是指向参数的指针
      （2）然后用VA_START宏初始化变量刚定义的VA_LIST变量，这个宏的第二个参数是第一个可变参数的前一个参数，是一个固定的参数。
       （3）然后用VA_ARG返回可变的参数，VA_ARG的第二个参数是你要返回的参数的类型。
       （4）最后用VA_END宏结束可变参数的获取。然后你就可以在函数里使用第二个参数了。如果函数有多个可变参数的，依次调用VA_ARG获取各个参数。

Example:

#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <stdarg.h>FILE *printer;FILE *logfile;int xprintf(const char *format, ...){    va_list ap;    va_start(ap,format);    vprintf(format, ap);    if(printer) vfprintf(printer, format, ap);    if(logfile) vfprintf(logfile, format, ap);    va_end(ap);}

from linux manual:

STDARG(3)                 Linux Programmer's Manual                STDARG(3)

NAME         top

       stdarg, va_start, va_arg, va_end, va_copy - variable argument lists

SYNOPSIS         top

       #include <stdarg.h>       void va_start(va_list ap, last);       type va_arg(va_list ap, type);       void va_end(va_list ap);       void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);

DESCRIPTION         top

       A function may be called with a varying number of arguments of       varying types.  The include file <stdarg.h> declares a type va_list       and defines three macros for stepping through a list of arguments       whose number and types are not known to the called function.       The called function must declare an object of type va_list which is       used by the macros va_start(), va_arg(), and va_end().   va_start()       The va_start() macro initializes ap for subsequent use by va_arg()       and va_end(), and must be called first.       The argument last is the name of the last argument before the       variable argument list, that is, the last argument of which the       calling function knows the type.       Because the address of this argument may be used in the va_start()       macro, it should not be declared as a register variable, or as a       function or an array type.   va_arg()       The va_arg() macro expands to an expression that has the type and       value of the next argument in the call.  The argument ap is the       va_list ap initialized by va_start().  Each call to va_arg() modifies       ap so that the next call returns the next argument.  The argument       type is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an       object that has the specified type can be obtained simply by adding a       * to type.       The first use of the va_arg() macro after that of the va_start()       macro returns the argument after last.  Successive invocations return       the values of the remaining arguments.       If there is no next argument, or if type is not compatible with the       type of the actual next argument (as promoted according to the       default argument promotions), random errors will occur.       If ap is passed to a function that uses va_arg(ap,type), then the       value of ap is undefined after the return of that function.   va_end()       Each invocation of va_start() must be matched by a corresponding       invocation of va_end() in the same function.  After the call       va_end(ap) the variable ap is undefined.  Multiple traversals of the       list, each bracketed by va_start() and va_end() are possible.       va_end() may be a macro or a function.   va_copy()       The va_copy() macro copies the (previously initialized) variable       argument list src to dest.  The behavior is as if va_start() were       applied to dest with the same last argument, followed by the same       number of va_arg() invocations that was used to reach the current       state of src.       An obvious implementation would have a va_list be a pointer to the       stack frame of the variadic function.  In such a setup (by far the       most common) there seems nothing against an assignment           va_list aq = ap;       Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an array of       pointers (of length 1), and there one needs           va_list aq;           *aq = *ap;       Finally, on systems where arguments are passed in registers, it may       be necessary for va_start() to allocate memory, store the arguments       there, and also an indication of which argument is next, so that       va_arg() can step through the list.  Now va_end() can free the       allocated memory again.  To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a       macro va_copy(), so that the above assignment can be replaced by           va_list aq;           va_copy(aq, ap);           ...           va_end(aq);       Each invocation of va_copy() must be matched by a corresponding       invocation of va_end() in the same function.  Some systems that do       not supply va_copy() have __va_copy instead, since that was the name       used in the draft proposal.

ATTRIBUTES         top

   Multithreading (see pthreads(7))       The va_start(), va_arg(), va_end(), and va_copy() macros are thread-       safe.

CONFORMING TO         top

       The va_start(), va_arg(), and va_end() macros conform to C89.  C99       defines the va_copy() macro.

NOTES         top

       These macros are not compatible with the historic macros they       replace.  A backward-compatible version can be found in the include       file <varargs.h>.       The historic setup is:           #include <varargs.h>           void           foo(va_alist)               va_dcl           {               va_list ap;               va_start(ap);               while (...) {                   ...                   x = va_arg(ap, type);                   ...               }               va_end(ap);           }       On some systems, va_end contains a closing '}' matching a '{' in       va_start, so that both macros must occur in the same function, and in       a way that allows this.

BUGS         top

       Unlike the varargs macros, the stdarg macros do not permit       programmers to code a function with no fixed arguments.  This problem       generates work mainly when converting varargs code to stdarg code,       but it also creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to       pass all of their arguments on to a function that takes a va_list       argument, such as vfprintf(3).

EXAMPLE         top

       The function foo takes a string of format characters and prints out       the argument associated with each format character based on the type.       #include <stdio.h>       #include <stdarg.h>       void       foo(char *fmt, ...)       {           va_list ap;           int d;           char c, *s;           va_start(ap, fmt);           while (*fmt)               switch (*fmt++) {               case 's':              /* string */                   s = va_arg(ap, char *);                   printf("string %s\n", s);                   break;               case 'd':              /* int */                   d = va_arg(ap, int);                   printf("int %d\n", d);                   break;               case 'c':              /* char */                   /* need a cast here since va_arg only                      takes fully promoted types */                   c = (char) va_arg(ap, int);                   printf("char %c\n", c);                   break;               }           va_end(ap);       }

details in http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdarg/