C/C++求职宝典21个重点笔记(常考笔试面试点)

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原文  http://blog.csdn.net/lanxuezaipiao/article/details/41557307


  1. char c = '\72'; 中的\72代表一个字符,72是八进制数,代表ASCII码字符“:”。

  2. 10*a++ 中a先进行乘法运算再自增(笔试中经常喜欢出这类运算符优先级容易混淆的输出问题)。

  3. const和static的作用 
    太常见的问题了,下面给出一个较详细的参考答案:

    static关键字:

    1)函数体内static变量的作用范围为函数体。不同于auto变量。该变量的内存只被分配一次。因此其值在下次调用时仍维持上次的值。

    2)在模块内的static全局变量可以被模块内的所有函数访问。但不能被模块外的其他函数访问。

    3)在模块内的static函数只可被这一模块内的其它函数调用。这个函数的使用范围被限制在声明它的模块内。

    4)在类中的static成员变量属于整个类所有,对类的所有对象只有一份复制。

    5)在类中的static成员函数属于整个类所有,这个函数不接受this指针,因而只能访问类的static成员变量。

    const关键字:

    1)欲阻止一个变量被改变,可以使用const关键字。在定义该const变量时,通常需要对它进行初始化。因为以后就没有机会再改变它了。

    2)对指针来说,可以指定指针的本身为const,也可以指定指针所指向的数为const。或二者同时为const。

    3)在一个函数的声明中,const可以修饰形参,表明它是一个输入参数。在函数内不能改变其值。

    4)对于类的成员函数,若指定其为const类型。则表明其是一个常量函数。不能修改类的成员变量。

    5)对于类的成员函数,有时候必须指定其返回值为const类型。以使得其返回值不为“左值”。

  4. 注意sizeof不是函数而是运算符,所以在计算变量所占用空间大小时,括号是可以省略的,但在计算类型大小时括号则不能省略,比如int i = 0; 则sizeof int是错误的。

  5. 有1,2,…,n的无序数组,求排序算法,并且要求时间复杂度为O(n),空间复杂度O(1),使用交换,而且一次只能交换两个数。

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">#include <stdio.h></span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() {    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> a[] = {<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">10</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">3</span>};    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> i, tmp;    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> len = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">sizeof</span>(a) / <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">sizeof</span>(a[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">0</span>]);    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">0</span>; i < len;) {        tmp = a[a[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>];        a[a[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>] = a[i];        a[i] = tmp;        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">if</span>(a[i] == i + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>) i++;    }    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">for</span>(i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">0</span>; i < len; ++i)        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"%d "</span>, a[i]);    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"\n"</span>);    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">0</span>;}</code>
  6. 易误解:如果int a[5], 那么a与&a是等价的,因为两者地址相同。 
    解答:一定要注意a与&a是不一样的,虽然两者地址相同,但意义不一样,&a是整个数组对象的首地址,而a是数组首地址,也就是a[0]的地址,a的类型是int[5],a[0]的类型是int,因此&a+1相当于a的地址值加上sizeof(int) * 5,也就是a[5],下一个对象的地址,已经越界了,而a+1相当于a的地址加上sizeof(int),即a[1]的地址。

  7. 如何将一个小数分解成整数部分和小数部分? 
    要记得利用头文件中的库函数modf,下面是函数原型(记住一些实用的库函数,避免自己重写):

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">modf</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> num, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> *i); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 将num分解为整数部分*i和小数部分(返回值决定)</span></code>
  8. 可作为函数重载判断依据的有:参数个数、参数类型、const修饰符; 
    不可以作为重载判断依据的有:返回类型。

  9. 程序输出题:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> a[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">10</span>] = {<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">10</span>}; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> *p = &(a + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">1</span>)[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">3</span>]; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"%d\n"</span>, *p);</code>

    输出:5 
    说明:因为a+1指向a的第二个元素,[3]表示再向后移动3个元素。

  10. 程序输出题:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str1[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str2[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str3[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> str4[] = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str5 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str6 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str7 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str8 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str1 == str2) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str3 == str4) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str5 == str6) << endl; <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << (str7 == str8) << endl;</code>

    输出:0 0 1 1 
    说明:输出str1~str8的地址为:

    0x23aa80 
    0x23aa70 
    0x23aa60 
    0x23aa50 
    0x23aa48 
    0x23aa40 
    0x23aa38 
    0x23aa30

    输出str1~str8内容“abc”的存储地址为:

    0x23aa80 
    0x23aa70 
    0x23aa60 
    0x23aa50 
    0x100403030 
    0x100403030 
    0x100403030 
    0x100403030

    可以发现str1~str4中的内容是存在栈上,地址各不相同,而str5~str8的内容都是存储在常量区,所以地址都相同。

    注意:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> *str = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"abc"</span>;<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">printf</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"%p\n"</span>, str1);  <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << &str1 << endl;</code>

    上面打印的是字符串 “abc”的地址,下面打印的是 str1 变量的地址。

  11. C的结构体和C++结构体的区别

    (1)C的结构体内不允许有函数存在,C++允许有内部成员函数,且允许该函数是虚函数。所以C的结构体是没有构造函数、析构函数、和this指针的。 
    (2)C的结构体对内部成员变量的访问权限只能是public,而C++允许public,protected,private三种。 
    (3)C语言的结构体是不可以继承的,C++的结构体是可以从其他的结构体或者类继承过来的。

    以上都是表面的区别,实际区别就是面向过程和面向对象编程思路的区别:

    C的结构体只是把数据变量给包裹起来了,并不涉及算法。 
    而C++是把数据变量及对这些数据变量的相关算法给封装起来,并且给对这些数据和类不同的访问权限。 
    C语言中是没有类的概念的,但是C语言可以通过结构体内创建函数指针实现面向对象思想。

  12. 如何在类中定义常量成员并为其初始化? 
    解答:只能在初始化列表里对const成员初始化,像下面这样:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price;    CBook() :m_price(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8.8</span>) { }};</code>

    下面的做法是错误的:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price;    CBook() {        m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8.8</span>;    }};</code>

    而下面的做法虽未报错,但有个warning,也不推荐:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8.8</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 注意这里若没有const则编译出错</span>    CBook() { }};</code>
  13. 在定义类的成员函数时使用mutable关键字的作用是什么? 
    解答:当需要在const方法中修改对象的数据成员时,可以在数据成员前使用mutable关键字,防止出现编译出错。例子如下:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">mutable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price;  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 如果不加就会出错</span>    CBook(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> price) :m_price(price) { }    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> getPrice() <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 定义const方法</span>};<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> CBook::getPrice() <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">const</span> {    m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">9.8</span>;    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">return</span> m_price;}</code>
  14. 构造函数、拷贝构造函数、析构函数的调用点和顺序问题,如下面这个例子输出是什么?

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    CBook() {        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"constructor is called.\n"</span>;    }    ~CBook() {        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"destructor is called.\n"</span>;    }};<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> invoke(CBook book) { <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 对象作为函数参数,如果这里加了个&就不是了,因为加了&后是引用方式传递,形参和实参指向同一块地            </span>                          <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 址,就不需要创建临时对象,也就不需要调用拷贝构造函数了</span>    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">"invoke is called.\n"</span>;}<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() {    CBook c;    invoke(c);}</code>

    解答:注意拷贝构造函数在对象作为函数参数传递时被调用,注意是对象实例而不是对象引用。因此该题输出如下:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">constructor is called.invoke is called.destructor is called.  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 在invoke函数调用结束时还要释放拷贝构造函数创建的临时对象,因此这里还调用了个析构函数</span>destructor is called.  </code>

    引申:拷贝构造函数在哪些情况下被调用? 
    (1)函数的参数为类对象且参数采用值传递方式; 
    (2)将类对象做为函数的返回值。

  15. C++中的explicit关键字有何作用? 
    解答:禁止将构造函数作为转换函数,即禁止构造函数自动进行隐式类型转换。 
    例如CBook中只有一个参数m_price,在构建对象时可以使用CBook c = 9.8这样的隐式转换,使用explicit防止这种转换发生。

  16. 在C++中,如果确定了某一个构造函数的创建过程,在该构造函数中如果调用了其它重载的构造函数,它将不会执行其它构造函数的初始化列表部分代码,而是执行函数体代码,此时已经退化成普通函数了。例子说明如下:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price;    CBook() {        CBook(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8.8</span>);    }    CBook(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> price) : m_price(price) { }};<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> main() {    CBook c;    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">cout</span> << c.m_price << endl;  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 此时并不会输出理想中的8.8</span>}</code>
  17. 静态数据成员只能在全局区域进行初始化,而不能在类体中进行(构造函数中初始化也不行),且静态数据成员不涉及对象,因此不受类访问限定符的限制。 
    例子说明如下:

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> CBook {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> m_price;};<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">double</span> CBook::m_price = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">8.8</span>;  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box; outline: none !important;">// 只能在这初始化,不能在CBook的构造函数或直接初始化</span></code>
  18. C++中可以重载的运算符:new/delete、new[]/delete[]、++等。 
    不可以重载的运算符:、.、::、?:、sizeof、typeid、.、**、不能改变运算符的优先级。

    引申:重载++和–时是怎么区分前缀++和后缀++的? 
    例如当编译器看到++a(先自增)时,它就调用operator++(a); 
    但当编译器看到a++时,它就调用operator++(a, int)。即编译器通过调用不同的函数区别这两种形式。

  19. C++的多态性分为静态多态和动态多态。 
    静态多态性:编译期间确定具体执行哪一项操作,主要是通过函数重载和运算符重载来实现的; 
    动态多态性:运行时确定具体执行哪一项操作,主要是通过虚函数来实现的。

  20. 虚函数原理考点,例如下面程序的输出是什么?

    <code class="language-cpp hljs " style="display: block; padding: 0.5em; background-color: transparent !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; outline: none !important; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">class</span> A {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">public</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> funa();    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> funb();    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> func();    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">void</span> fund();    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> si;<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">private</span>:    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">int</span> i;    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; outline: none !important;">char</span> c;};</code>

    问:sizeof(A) = ?

    解答: 
    关于类占用的内存空间,有以下几点需要注意: 
    (1)如果类中含有虚函数,则编译器需要为类构建虚函数表,类中需要存储一个指针指向这个虚函数表的首地址,注意不管有几个虚函数,都只建立一张表,所有的虚函数地址都存在这张表里,类中只需要一个指针指向虚函数表首地址即可。 
    (2)类中的静态成员是被类所有实例所共享的,它不计入sizeof计算的空间 
    (3)类中的普通函数或静态普通函数都存储在栈中,不计入sizeof计算的空间 
    (4)类成员采用字节对齐的方式分配空间

    答案:12(32位系统)或16(64位系统)

  21. 虚继承的作用是什么? 
    在多继承中,子类可能同时拥有多个父类,如果这些父类还有相同的父类(祖先类),那么在子类中就会有多份祖先类。例如,类B和类C都继承与类A,如果类D派生于B和C,那么类D中就会有两份A。为了防止在多继承中子类存在重复的父类情况,可以在父类继承时使用虚函数,即在类B和类C继承类A时使用virtual关键字,例如: 
    class B : virtual public A 
    class C : virtual public A 
    注:因为多继承会带来很多复杂问题,因此要慎用。


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