C程序演示产生僵死进程的过程

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先抄录网上一段对僵死进程的描述:

僵尸进程:一个进程使用fork创建子进程,如果子进程退出,而父进程并没有调用wait或waitpid获取子进程的状态信息,那么子进程的进程描述符仍然保存在系统中。这种进程称之为僵死进程。在每个进程退出的时候,内核释放该进程所有的资源,包括打开的文件,占用的内存等。 但是仍然为其保留一定的信息(包括进程号the process ID,退出状态the termination status of the process,运行时间the amount of CPU time taken by the process等)。直到父进程通过wait / waitpid来取时才释放。 但这样就导致了问题,如果进程不调用wait / waitpid的话, 那么保留的那段信息就不会释放,其进程号就会一直被占用,但是系统所能使用的进程号是有限的,如果大量的产生僵死进程,将因为没有可用的进程号而导致系统不能产生新的进程. 此即为僵尸进程的危害,应当避免。

从系统角度来说,处理僵尸进程有两种方法:

1 找到僵死进程的父进程,kill掉父进程,那么僵死进程将变为孤儿进程,孤儿进程在系统中由init进程接管,init进程将回收僵死进程的资源
2 reboot系统,因为僵死进程是不可以被kill掉


如下测试:

[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 21165root     21165  7459  0 05:51 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     21166 21165  0 05:51 pts/1    00:00:00 [a.out] <defunct>root     21190  8866  0 05:52 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 21165[root@limt ~]# kill 21165[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 21165  杀掉父进程后,子进程也消失root     21196  8866  0 05:52 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 21165


[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 16704root     16704 16703  0 04:06 pts/1    00:00:00 [a.out] <defunct>root     16719  8866  0 04:06 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 16704[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# kill -9 16704[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 16704root     16704 16703  0 04:06 pts/1    00:00:00 [a.out] <defunct>root     16725  8866  0 04:06 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 16704
</pre><p></p><p>从开发角度,有两种方法来避免僵死进程:1 通过signal函数处理,因为每一个子进程退出都会向父进程发生一个SIGCHILD信号2 通过fork两次子进程实现,使子进程的父进程为init进程(),大多数守护进程就是这样实现的简单程序演示产生僵死进程的过程:</p><pre code_snippet_id="554626" snippet_file_name="blog_20141217_3_6668512" name="code" class="cpp">一 父进程fork一个子进程然后不使用waitpid函数,直接退出,而子进程sleep 120秒后退出#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#include <errno.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){        pid_t pid;        pid = fork();        if (pid == 0) {                int iPid = (int)getpid();                fprintf(stderr,"I am child,%d\n",iPid);                sleep(120);                fprintf(stderr, "Child exits\n");                return EXIT_SUCCESS;        }       int iPid = (int)getpid();       fprintf(stderr,"I am parent,%d\n",iPid);       fprintf(stderr, "parent exits\n");       return EXIT_SUCCESS;}[root@limt ~]# gcc Zom.c [root@limt ~]# ./a.out [root@limt ~]# ./a.out I am parent,15019parent exitsI am child,15020从输出看父进程先退出,然后子进程运行sleep函数[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15019 //查看父进程root     15046  8866  0 03:29 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15019[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15020 //查看子进程root     15020     1  0 03:29 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15056  8866  0 03:29 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15020从ps看父进程已经销毁,子进程的父进程号为1,也就是init进程二 父进程fork一个子进程然后使用waitpid函数,然后退出,而子进程sleep 120秒后退出#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#include <errno.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){        pid_t pid;        pid = fork();        if (pid == 0) {                int iPid = (int)getpid();                fprintf(stderr,"I am child,%d\n",iPid);                sleep(120);                fprintf(stderr, "Child exits\n");                return EXIT_SUCCESS;        }       int iPid = (int)getpid();       fprintf(stderr,"I am parent,%d\n",iPid);       waitpid(pid,NULL,0);       fprintf(stderr, "parent exits\n");       return EXIT_SUCCESS;}[root@limt ~]# gcc Zom.c [root@limt ~]# ./a.out I am parent,15187I am child,15188Child exitsparent exits从输出看子进程先退出,父进程一直等待子进程退出后才退出[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15187  //查看父进程root     15187  7459  0 03:32 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15188 15187  0 03:32 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15197  8866  0 03:33 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15187[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15188  //查看子进程root     15188 15187  0 03:32 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15207  8866  0 03:33 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15188三 父进程fork一个子进程,然后使用waitpid函数,最后使用sleep函数,而子进程sleep 40秒后退出#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#include <errno.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){        pid_t pid;        pid = fork();        if (pid == 0) {                int iPid = (int)getpid();                fprintf(stderr,"I am child,%d\n",iPid);                sleep(40);                fprintf(stderr, "Child exits\n");                return EXIT_SUCCESS;        }       int iPid = (int)getpid();       fprintf(stderr,"I am parent,%d\n",iPid);       waitpid(pid,NULL,0);       fprintf(stderr, "sleep....\n");       sleep(120);       fprintf(stderr, "parent exits\n");       return EXIT_SUCCESS;}[root@limt ~]# ./a.out I am parent,15673I am child,15674Child exits  //等待40秒后输出sleep....  //等待40秒后输出parent exits从上面的输出看sleep函数没有立刻执行,而是等待子进程运行完成才执行,实际是在等待waitpid函数返回[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15673  //程序运行40秒内root     15673  7459  0 03:43 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15674 15673  0 03:43 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15681  8866  0 03:44 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15673[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15674 //程序运行40秒内root     15674 15673  0 03:43 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15692  8866  0 03:44 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15674[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15673   //程序运行40秒外root     15673  7459  0 03:43 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     15725  8866  0 03:44 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15673[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15674  //程序运行40秒外,子进程已经销毁root     15727  8866  0 03:44 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15674[root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 15673  //程序运行120秒外root     15798  8866  0 03:46 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 15673四 父进程fork一个子进程,不使用waitpid函数然,而是sleep 120秒,而子进程sleep 1秒后退出#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/wait.h>#include <errno.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <string.h>int main(int argc, char *argv[]){        pid_t pid;        pid = fork();        if (pid == 0) {                int iPid = (int)getpid();                fprintf(stderr,"I am child,%d\n",iPid);                sleep(1);                fprintf(stderr, "Child exits\n");                return EXIT_SUCCESS;        }       int iPid = (int)getpid();       fprintf(stderr,"I am parent,%d\n",iPid);       fprintf(stderr, "sleep....\n");       sleep(120);       fprintf(stderr, "parent exits\n");       return EXIT_SUCCESS;}[root@limt ~]# ./a.out I am parent,16026sleep....I am child,16027Child exitsparent exits从上面输出看子进程先于父进程退出[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 16026  //查看父进程root     16026  7459  0 03:51 pts/1    00:00:00 ./a.outroot     16027 16026  0 03:51 pts/1    00:00:00 [a.out] <defunct>root     16039  8866  0 03:51 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 16026 [root@limt ~]# [root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 16027   //查看子进程,子进程处于僵死状态root     16027 16026  0 03:51 pts/1    00:00:00 [a.out] <defunct>root     16046  8866  0 03:51 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 16027[root@limt ~]# top   //top 进程显示存在一个僵死进程top - 04:02:20 up  2:46,  4 users,  load average: 0.21, 0.15, 0.15Tasks: 280 total,   1 running, 278 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombieCpu(s):  1.2%us,  0.6%sy,  0.0%ni, 97.4%id,  0.7%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%stMem:   2050752k total,  1819480k used,   231272k free,   141876k buffersSwap:  6291448k total,        0k used,  6291448k free,   775368k cached[root@limt ~]# ps -ef|grep 16027    //120秒后僵死进程消失root     16513  8866  0 04:01 pts/3    00:00:00 grep 16027






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