CentOS下rpm和yum安装软件方法

centos的软件安装大致可以分为两种类型：<div class="container" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.1em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: relative !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; background: none !important;"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; background: none rgb(244, 244, 244) !important;"><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">[centos]<span style="color:#FF0000;">rpm文件安装</span>，使用rpm指令(上传rpm软件包)  类似[ubuntu]deb文件安装，使用dpkg指令</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-size: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important;"><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">[centos]yum安装 （安装rpm软件包中需要的软件）  类似[ubuntu]apt-</code><code class="as3 keyword" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 255) !important; background: none !important;">get</code><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">安装</code><strong>rpm命令：</strong><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;"></code><p style="line-height: 19.5px; margin: 10px auto; color: rgb(75, 75, 75); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">(一)查询系统装已经安装的软件信息</p><p style="line-height: 19.5px; margin: 10px auto; color: rgb(75, 75, 75); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px 1em !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; min-height: inherit !important; background: none rgb(244, 244, 244) !important;"><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">   对于一个rpm包来说，都是有</code><code class="as3 string" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important; background: none !important;">"-"</code><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">和</code><code class="as3 string" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: blue !important; background: none !important;">"."</code><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;">构成的，基本上有以下几部分组成： * 包名 * </code></div><code class="as3 plain" style="white-space: pre-wrap; border-top-left-radius: 0px !important; border-top-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto !important; line-height: 1.8em !important; margin: 0px !important; outline: 0px !important; overflow: visible !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static !important; right: auto !important; top: auto !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; font-family: Consolas, 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'Courier New', Courier, monospace !important; min-height: inherit !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; background: none !important;"> 版本信息 * 发布版本号 * 运行平台，当出现noarch,代表的是这个包可以在<span style="color:#FF0000;">各个不同的cpu</span>上使用</code></p><p style="line-height: 19.5px; margin: 10px auto; color: rgb(75, 75, 75); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></p><p style="line-height: 19.5px; margin: 10px auto; color: rgb(75, 75, 75); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">1）查询系统中已经安装的软件</p><div style="color: rgb(75, 75, 75); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px;"><pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">rpm -qa 

2）查询一个已经安装的文件属于哪个软件包；

rpm -qf 文件名的绝对路径

3）查询已安装软件包都安装到何处；

软件名定义是:rpm包去除平台信息和后缀后的信息

rpm -ql 软件名

4）查询一个已安装软件包的信息

rpm  -qi 软件名

5）查看一下已安装软件的配置文件；

rpm -qc 软件名

6）查看一个已经安装软件的文档安装位置：

rpm -qd 软件名

7）查看一下已安装软件所依赖的软件包及文件；

rpm -qR 软件名

 

(二)对于未安装的软件包信息查询

1）查看一个软件包的用途、版本等信息；

rpm -qpi rpm文件

2）查看一件软件包所包含的文件；

rpm -qpl rpm文件

3）查看软件包的文档所在的位置；

rpm -qpd rpm文件

4）查看一个软件包的配置文件；

rpm -qpc rpm文件

5）查看一个软件包的依赖关系

rpm -qpR rpm文件

 

(三)软件包的安装、升级、删除等

1)安装或者升级一个rpm包

rpm -ivh rpm文件【安装】 rpm -Uvh rpm文件【更新】

2)删除一个rpm 包

rpm -e 软件名

如何需要不管依赖问题，强制删除软件，在如上命令其后加上 --nodeps

 

(四)签名导入

rpm --import 签名文件  rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY

yum命令：

(一)yum基本概念

1)yum是什么

yum = Yellow dog Updater, Modified  主要功能是更方便的添加/删除/更新RPM包.  它能自动解决包的倚赖性问题.  它能便于管理大量系统的更新问题

2)yum的特点

可以同时配置多个资源库(Repository)  简洁的配置文件(/etc/yum.conf  自动解决增加或删除rpm包时遇到的倚赖性问题  使用方便  保持与RPM数据库的一致性

3)yum安装

CentOS自带(yum-*.noarch.rpm) #rpm -ivh yum-*.noarch.rpm 在第一次启用yum之前首先需要导入系统的RPM-GPG-KEY：

 

(二)yum指令的使用

当第一次使用yum管理软件时，yum会自动下载所需要的headers放置在/var/cache/yum目录下；

1) rpm包的更新

 

#检查可以更新的软件包 yum check-update #更新所有的软件包 yum update #更新特定的软件包 yum update kernel #大规模的升级 yum upgrade

 

2) rpm包的安装和删除

#rpm包的安装和删除 yum install xxx【服务名】 yum remove xxx【服务名】

3) yum缓存的相关信息

 

#清楚缓存中rpm包文件 yum clean packages #清楚缓存中rpm的头文件 yum clean  headers #清除缓存中旧的头文件 yum clean old headers #清除缓存中旧的rpm头文件和包文件 yum clean all

 

4)软件包信息查询

#列出资源库中所有可以安装或更新的rpm包 yum list #列出资源库中特定的可以安装或更新以及已经安装的rpm包 yum list firfox* N:可以在rpm包名中使用通配符,查询类似的rpm包#列出资源库中所有可以更新的rpm包 yum list updates #列出已经安装的所有的rpm包 yum list installed #列出已经安装的但是不包含在资源库中的rpm包 yum list extras N:通过如网站下载安装的rpm包  #rpm包信息显示(info参数同list)，列出资源库中所有可以安装或更新的rpm包的信息 yum info #列出资源库中特定的可以安装或更新以及已经安装的rpm包的信息 yum info firefox* N:可以在rpm包名中使用匹配符 #列出资源库中所有可以更新的rpm包的信息yum info updates #列出已经安装的所有的rpm包的信息 yum info installed #列出已经安装的但是不包含在资源库中的rpm包的信息 yum info extras N:通过如网站下载安装的rpm包的信息#搜索匹配特定字符的rpm包yum search firofox#搜索包含特定文件的rpm包yum provides firefox

 

 

(三)yum软件源更新

http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html