linux系统分析工具续-SystemTap和火焰图（Flame Graph）
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本文为网上各位大神文章的综合简单实践篇，参考文章较多，有些总结性东西，自认暂无法详细写出，建议读文中列出的参考文档，相信会受益颇多。下面开始吧（本文出自 “cclo的博客” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://xuclv.blog.51cto.com/5503169/1184517）
SystemTap简介：
SystemTap provides free software (GPL) infrastructure to simplify the gathering of information about the running Linux system. This assists diagnosis of a performance or functional problem. SystemTap eliminates the need for the developer to go through the tedious and disruptive instrument, recompile, install, and reboot sequence that may be otherwise required to collect data. SystemTap provides a simple command line interface and scripting language for writing instrumentation for a live running system. We are publishing samples, as well as enlarging the internal "tapset" script library to aid reuse and abstraction.
详情参考：
火焰图简介：
通过性能分析来确定什么原因导致CPU繁忙是日常工作中长做的事情，这往往会涉及到栈性能分析。通过定期采样的方式来确定哪些代码是导致CPU繁忙的原因是一个比较粗糙的方法。一个更好的方式是创建一个定时中断来收集程序运行时的计数，函数地址，甚至整个堆栈回溯，最后打印为我们可阅读的报告.我们常用的性能分析工具有oprofile,gprof,dtracesystemtap 等 Flame Graph：火焰图，是一个把采样所得到的堆栈跟踪可视化展示的工具。它是基于上面提到的性能分析工具的结果，Flame graph本身并不具备性能检测的能力。
参考：
systemtap安装及生成nginx的火焰图：
OS：ubuntu12.10 #支持uprobes机制 systemtap：2.1#尽少的bug
1> 安装systemtap，这里源码编译
1:安装编译环境： $ sudo apt-get install build-essential
2:安装systemtap $ wget http://sourceware.org/systemtap/ftp/releases/systemtap-2.1.tar.gz $ tar zxvf systemtap-2.1.tar.gz $ sudo ./configure -prefix=/opt/systemtap -disable-docs -disable-publican -disable-refdocs 如报以下错： configure: error: missing elfutils development headers/libraries (install elfutils-devel, libebl-dev, libdw-dev and/or libebl-devel $ sudo apt-get install libdw-dev #其实缺的该是libdw1这个包，按提示安装libdw-dev罢了，另三个包都木有 $ sudo make $ sudo make install
3:创建个软链接： $ sudo ln -s /opt/systemtap/bin/stap /usr/sbin/stap
2> 安装debug packages (Kernel debug info packages on Ubuntu, which will aid in providing information for bugs)
1：$ uname -r 3.5.0-17-generic
2:在http://ddebs.ubuntu.com/pool/main/l/linux/网址找到对应内核的的debug packages，下载并安装之 $ sudo dpkg -i linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic-dbgsym_3.5.0-17.28_amd64.ddeb
如没有找到自己系统对于的debug packages，建一个，方法如下：(How do I build a debuginfo kernel if one isn't available?)（官网原文，本文不涉及） $ cd $HOME $ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev debhelper gawk $ mkdir tmp $ cd tmp $ sudo apt-get build-dep --no-install-recommends linux-image-$(uname -r) $ apt-get source linux-image-$(uname -r) $ cd linux-2.6.31 (this is currently the kernel version of 9.10) $ fakeroot debian/rules clean $ AUTOBUILD=1 fakeroot debian/rules binary-generic skipdbg=false $ sudo dpkg -i ../linux-image-debug-2.6.31-19-generic_2.6.31-19.56_amd64.ddeb
3> 测试systemtap，出现hello world，安装完成
$ sudo stap -e 'probe kernel.function("sys_open") {log("hello world") exit()}'4> systemtap安装参考：
5> 安装LNMP（非必须，安装nginx即可）
$ sudo apt-get install nginx mysql-server mysql-client php5 php5-fpm php5-mysql
$ sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default #启用下面几行
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
# # NOTE: You should have "cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0;"in php.ini
#
# # With php5-cgi alone:
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# # With php5-fpm:
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
}
$ sudo vim /usr/share/nginx/www/index.php #随便建个测试页
<html><body><h1>It is my works!!</h1></body></html>
<?php
$link=mysql_connect('localhost','root','root');
if ($link)
echo "Success";
else
echo "Failure";
mysql_close();
phpinfo();
?>
访问http://192.168.1.94/ #访问确保正常
6> 用systemtap进行nginx的分析，并用flameGraph画出相应的火焰图。
1：编写systemtap脚本: vim ngx.stp
global s;
global quit = 0;
probe timer.profile {
if (pid() == target()) {
if (quit) {
foreach (i in s-) {
print_ustack(i);
printf("\t%d\n", @count(s[i]));
}
exit()
} else {
s[ubacktrace()] <<< 1;
}
}
}
probe timer.s(20) {
quit = 1
}
2:执行如下命令：
$ sudo stap --ldd -d /usr/sbin/nginx --all-modules -D MAXMAPENTRIES=256 -D MAXACTION=20000 -D MAXTRACE=100 -D MAXSTRINGLEN=4096 -D MAXBACKTRACE=100 -x 2082 ngx.stp --vp 0001 > ngx.out
可能需修改的地方： /usr/sbin/nginx #nginx的安装位置，一般是此 -D MAXMAPENTRIES=256 #本机是个虚拟机，只给了其512M内存，为了保证内存不溢出，设为256 -x 2082 #指定其中一个nginx worker进程的pid 在执行以上命令的同时保证对nginx的压力测试，另开终端执行： $ ab -n 900000 -c 50 http://192.168.1.94/index.php
$ perl stackcollapse-stap.pl ngx.out > ngx.out2
$ perl flamegraph.pl ngx.out2 > ngx.svg #以上2个perl脚本在https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph
7> 访问192.168.1.94/ngx.svg #火焰图出炉了
每个框代表一个栈里的一个函数 Y轴代表栈深度（栈桢数）。最顶端的框显示正在运行的函数，这之下的框都是调用者。在下面的函数是上面函数的父函数 X轴代表采样总量。从左到右并不代表时间变化，从左到右也不具备顺序性 框的宽度代表占用CPU总时间。宽的框代表的函数可能比窄的运行慢，或者被调用了更多次数。框的颜色深浅也没有任何意义 如果是多线程同时采样，采样总数会超过总时间
8> 可能遇到的问题：
1：如果有类似如下行，执行 $ sudo rm .systemtap -rf Pass 4: using cached /home/ubuntu/.systemtap/cache/24/stap_2479e8647ccf262def735ebf0eeb57c5_5866.ko
2：如果有类似如下行，那应该有指望 Pass 4: compiled C into "stap_2711449662ecf03b09d98a743c2122d0_5946.ko" in 24060usr/6960sys/103610rea
3：如果有类似如下行，可以考虑忽略下 WARNING: Missing unwind data for module, rerun with 'stap -d stap_2711449662ecf03b09d98a743c2122d0_3437'
4：如果火焰图只出现大量的init函数，说明完全不正确，暂不知道怎么解决，nginx如果是apt-get安装，尝试执行如下行，可能有用 $ sudo apt-get install nginx-full-dbg
5：WARNING: missing unwind/symbol data for module 'kernel' :user-space facilities not available without kernel CONFIG_UTRACE 这个错误是说你的 kernel 没有提供 utrace/uprobes 用户态支持。两种解法： 1. 自己给Ubuntu自带的老kernel应用utrace补丁，并重新编译它。chaoslawful老师写过一篇博客分享过ubuntu上的步骤：http://chaoslawful.iteye.com/blog/1463564 2. 将kernel升级到官方最新的3.5或以上的版本。最新的kernel默认包含了uprobes机制，不再需要utrace补丁了（这是为什么用ubuntu12.10的原因）9> 火焰图生成参考的文档：
附：
$ stap -hSystemtap translator/driver (version 2.1/0.153, non-git sources)Copyright (C) 2005-2013 Red Hat, Inc. and othersThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.enabled features: TR1_UNORDERED_MAP NLSUsage: stap [options] FILE Run script in file. or: stap [options] - Run script on stdin. or: stap [options] -e SCRIPT Run given script. or: stap [options] -l PROBE List matching probes. or: stap [options] -L PROBE List matching probes and local variables.Options (in /home/ubuntu/.systemtap/rc and on command line): -- end of translator options, script options follow -h --help show help -V --version show version -p NUM stop after pass NUM 1-5, instead of 5 (parse, elaborate, translate, compile, run) -v add verbosity to all passes --vp {N}+ add per-pass verbosity [00000] -k keep temporary directory -u unoptimized translation -w suppress warnings -W turn warnings into errors -g guru mode -P prologue-searching for function probes -b bulk (percpu file) mode -s NUM buffer size in megabytes, instead of 0 -I DIR look in DIR for additional .stp script files, in addition to /opt/systemtap/share/systemtap/tapset -D NM=VAL emit macro definition into generated C code -B NM=VAL pass option to kbuild make --modinfo NM=VAL include a MODULE_INFO(NM,VAL) in the generated C code -G VAR=VAL set global variable to value -R DIR look in DIR for runtime, instead of /opt/systemtap/share/systemtap/runtime -r DIR cross-compile to kernel with given build tree; or else -r RELEASE cross-compile to kernel /lib/modules/RELEASE/build, instead of /lib/modules/3.5.0-17-generic/build -a ARCH cross-compile to given architecture, instead of x86_64 -m MODULE set probe module name, instead of stap_4736 -o FILE send script output to file, instead of stdout. This supports strftime(3) formats for FILE -c CMD start the probes, run CMD, and exit when it finishes -x PID sets target() to PID -F run as on-file flight recorder with -o. run as on-memory flight recorder without -o. -S size[,n] set maximum of the size and the number of files. -d OBJECT add unwind/symbol data for OBJECT file --ldd add unwind/symbol data for all referenced object files. --all-modules add unwind/symbol data for all loaded kernel objects. -t collect probe timing information --runtime=MODE set the pass-5 runtime mode, instead of kernel --privilege=PRIVILEGE_LEVEL check the script for constructs not allowed at the given privilege level --unprivileged equivalent to --privilege=stapusr --compatible=VERSION suppress incompatible language/tapset changes beyond VERSION, instead of 2.1 --check-version displays warnings where a syntax element may be version dependent --skip-badvars substitute zero for bad context $variables --suppress-handler-errors catch all runtime errors, quietly skip probe handlers --use-server[=SERVER-SPEC] specify systemtap compile-servers --list-servers[=PROPERTIES] report on the status of the specified compile-servers: all,specified,online,trusted,signer,compatible --remote=HOSTNAME run pass 5 on the specified ssh host. may be repeated for targeting multiple hosts. --remote-prefix prefix each line of remote output with a host index. --tmpdir=NAME specify name of temporary directory to be used. --download-debuginfo[=OPTION] automatically download debuginfo using ABRT. yes,no,ask,<timeout value> --dump-probe-types show a list of available probe types. --sysroot=DIR specify sysroot directory where target files (executables, libraries, etc.) are located. --sysenv=VAR=VALUE provide an alternate value for an environment variable where the value on a remote system differs. Path variables (e.g. PATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH) are assumed to be relative to the sysroot. --suppress-time-limits disable -DSTP_NO_OVERLOAD -DMAXACTION and -DMAXTRYACTION limits报告完毕！！！
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