160 Intersection of Two Linked Lists
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Write a program to find the node at which the intersection of two singly linked lists begins.
For example, the following two linked lists:
A: a1 → a2 ↘ c1 → c2 → c3 ↗ B: b1 → b2 → b3
begin to intersect at node c1.
Notes:
- If the two linked lists have no intersection at all, return
null
. - The linked lists must retain their original structure after the function returns.
- You may assume there are no cycles anywhere in the entire linked structure.
- Your code should preferably run in O(n) time and use only O(1) memory.
Credits:
Special thanks to @stellari for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
第一种方法:
暴力破解:
依次循环每一个节点,比较是否相等。时间复杂度O(Length(A)*Length(B)),空间复杂度O(1)
public static LinkNode getIntersectionNode(LinkNode headA, LinkNode headB) { if(headA == null || headB == null){ return null; } LinkNode tmp = headA; while(headB != null){ headA = tmp; while(headA != null){ if(headB == headA){ return headB; }else{ headA = headA.next; } } headB = headB.next; } return null; }/** * Definition for singly-linked list. * public class ListNode { * int val; * ListNode next; * ListNode(int x) { * val = x; * next = null; * } * } */最后的执行结果是time Limited,好吧。。。。。。。。。。。。。
第二种
哈希表法,
将其中的一个链表散列到哈希表里,然后查找另一个链表的元素是不是在哈希表里时间复杂度O(lengthA+lengthB),空间复杂度O(lengthA)或O(lengthB)。
第三种:
1、先各自遍历每一个链表,计算链表长度,都到达末尾时,如果末尾节点相同,说明有交集,否则返回null
2、如果有交集的话,先让长链表走|Length(A)-Length(B)|步,再同时走,比较可以找到
时间复杂度O(lengthA+lengthB),空间复杂度O(1)
/** * Definition for singly-linked list. * public class ListNode { * int val; * ListNode next; * ListNode(int x) { * val = x; * next = null; * } * } */public class Solution { public ListNode getIntersectionNode(ListNode headA, ListNode headB) { if(headA == null || headB == null){ return null; } int c1=1; int c2=1; ListNode h1 = headA; ListNode h2 = headB; while(h1.next != null){ c1++; h1 = h1.next; } while(h2。next != null){ c2++; h2 = h2.next; } if(h1 != h2){ return null; } if(c1 > c2){ int c = c1 - c2; while(c > 0){ headA = headA.next; c--; } } if(c1 < c2){ int c = c2 - c1; while(c > 0){ headB = headB.next; c--; } } while(headA != null && headA != headB){ headA = headA.next; headB = headB.next; } return headA; }}
Runtime: 520 ms
第四种:先分析下,
第一种方法是暴力破解,思路很简单,效率去很低(这是我自己可以想到的,哎,脑子还是太笨。。。)
第二种方法是哈希表法,利用哈希表的查找时间复杂度是O(1)的性质,最终的缺点在于空间复杂度上,需要create一个HashSet,(压根没有想到哈希表,不善于使用hash,以后得记住点这个,作为解题得思路)
第三种方法比较好,计算出两条链表的长度差,先让长的走,然后一起走,如果两条链有交集,那么,|length(A)-Length(B)|就一定不是,因此可以去掉这些无用的遍历,即让长的先走|length(A)-Length(B)|,
到这一步之后怎么继续改进?
能不能不计算链表长度就得到这个差值?答案是可以。
作者提供的解题方法:
- Brute-force solution (O(mn) running time, O(1) memory):
For each node a i in list A, traverse the entire list B and check if any node in list B coincides with a i .
- Hashset solution (O(n+m) running time, O(n) or O(m) memory):
Traverse list A and store the address / reference to each node in a hash set. Then check every node b i in list B: if b i appears in the hash set, then b i is the intersection node.
- Two pointer solution (O(n+m) running time, O(1) memory):
- Maintain two pointers pA and pB initialized at the head of A and B, respectively. Then let them both traverse through the lists, one node at a time.
- When pA reaches the end of a list, then redirect it to the head of B (yes, B, that's right.); similarly when pB reaches the end of a list, redirect it the head of A.
- If at any point pA meets pB, then pA/pB is the intersection node.
- To see why the above trick would work, consider the following two lists: A = {1,3,5,7,9,11} and B = {2,4,9,11}, which are intersected at node '9'. Since B.length (=4) < A.length (=6), pB would reach the end of the merged list first, because pB traverses exactly 2 nodes less than pA does. By redirecting pB to head A, and pA to head B, we now ask pB to travel exactly 2 more nodes than pA would. So in the second iteration, they are guaranteed to reach the intersection node at the same time.
- If two lists have intersection, then their last nodes must be the same one. So when pA/pB reaches the end of a list, record the last element of A/B respectively. If the two last elements are not the same one, then the two lists have no intersections.
同时遍历两个链表(在这里就可以先进行比较了,找到就返回),当其中的一个链表到达尾部时,另一个一定是在差值的那个地方,那么就是找到这个差值了,然后再同时遍历。依次maintain两个pointer Pa和Pb,当到达尾部时(假设Pa先到达尾部,说明headB长),pa=headB,pb=headA
这是作者提供的解法。
/** * Definition for singly-linked list. * public class ListNode { * int val; * ListNode next; * ListNode(int x) { * val = x; * next = null; * } * } */public class Solution { public ListNode getIntersectionNode(ListNode headA, ListNode headB) { if(headA == null || headB == null){ return null; } ListNode pa = headA; ListNode pb = headB; while(pa != null && pb != null){ if(pa == pb){ return pa; } pa = pa.next; pb = pb.next; } // if(pa == null && pb != null){//链表b比较长 pa = headB; while(pb != null){// pa = pa.next; pb = pb.next; } pb = headA; while(pa !=null && pb != null){ if(pa == pb){ return pa; } pa = pa.next; pb = pb.next; } }else if(pb == null && pa != null){ pb = headA; while(pa != null){ pb = pb.next; pa = pa.next; } pa = headB; while(pa != null && pb != null){ if(pa == pb){ return pa; } pa = pa.next; pb = pb.next; } } return null; }}
Runtime: 504 ms
还是自己的脑子不够活泛,不能从多角度思考问题,之前自己想的时候一直在想怎么能够快速定位到这个交集点,总是没有头绪,感觉除了一个个遍历比较再没有其他的方法。再看别人写的,发现改进还是有的。不考虑空间复杂度的话,将一个数组映射到hash表里,然后遍历第二个数组,可以用O(1)的时间找到是否有相等的量。考虑空间复杂度的话,那么就要考虑怎么减少遍历的次数,就是去掉不必要的比较。比如说,如果两个链表存在交集点,如果两个链表长度相等,那么就没有冗余的比较了,如果链表长度不相等,那么较长链表(假设B长)的前Length(B)-Length(A)个元素与较短链表的比较就是冗余的,因为前Length(B)-Length(A)个元素不可能是交集点。所以考虑如何跳过这些元素(比如找到计算链表长度,然后再跳过差值,显然计算链表长度的时间要小于遍历这些元素并且比较的时间,一开始思维总是感觉遍历比较简单就觉得花的时间少)。作者提出的这个计算差值的方法还是不错的(learning...)
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