【C++ Primer】【学习笔记】【第十章】关联容器之:map类型

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使用map对象,则需要包含map头文件。在定义map对象时,必须分别指明键和值的类型。

一、map对象的定义
map的构造函数如下:
构造函数
说明
map<k, v> m;
创建一个名为m的空map对象,其键和值的类型分别为k和v。
map<k, v> m(m2);
创建m2的副本m,m与m2必须有相同的键类型和值类型。
map<k, v> m(b, e);
创建map类型的对象m,存储迭代器b和e标记的范围内所有元素的副本。元素的类型必须能转换为pair<const k, v>。
注:对于键类型,唯一的约束就是必须支持 < 操作符。

二、map定义的类型
map类类型成员
说明
map<K, V>::key_type
在map容器中,用作索引的键的类型。
map<K, V>::mapped_type
在map容器中,键所关联的值的类型。
map<K, V>::value_type
一个pair类型,它的first元素具有const map<K, V>::key_type类型,而second元素则为map<K, V>::mapped_type类型。
注:map迭代器返回value_type类型的值,而下标操作符返回一个mapped_type类型的值。

三、map对象插入元素
插入方法
说明
m.insert(e)
e是map类型对应的value_type类型的值。如果键(e.first)不在m中,则插入一个值为e.second的新元素;如果键(e.first)在m中已存在,则保持m不变。该函数返回一个pair类型的对象,包含指向键为e.first元素的map迭代器,以及一个bool类型的对象,表示是否插入了该元素。
m.insert(beg, end)
beg和end是标记元素范围的迭代器,其中的元素必须为m.value_type类型的键-值对。对于这些元素,如果其键在m中不存在,则将该键对应的元素插入m。返回值为void。
m.insert(iter, e)
e是map类型对应的value_type类型的值。如果(e.first)不在m中,则插入一个值为e.second的新元素,并以迭代器iter为起点搜索新元素存储的位置。该函数返回一个迭代器,指向m中具有给定键的元素。

四、map元素的查找和访问
查询方法
说明
m.count(k)
返回m中k的出现次数。返回值只能是0或者1,因为map容器只允许一个键对应一个实例。
m.find(k)
如果m容器中存在按k索引的元素,则返回指向该元素的迭代器。如果不存在,则返回超出末端迭代器。

五、map元素的删除
删除方法
说明
m.erase(k)
删除m中键为k的元素。返回size_type类型的值,表示删除的元素个数。
m.erase(p)
从m中删除迭代器p所指向的元素。p必须指向m中确实存在的元素,而且不能等于m.end()。返回void类型。
m.erase(b, e)
从m中删除一段范围内的元素,b和e必须标记m中的一段有效范围:即b和e都必须指向m中的元素或最后一个元素的下一个位置。而且,b和e要么相等(此时删除的范围为空),要么b所指向的元素必须出现在e所指向的元素之前。返回void类型。

六、map容器的遍历
使用迭代器进行遍历,如:map<string, int>::const_iterator map_it = word_count.begin();
注:在使用迭代器遍历map容器时,迭代器指向的元素按键的升序排列。


习题10.9:统计单词出现的次数

#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <utility>#include <vector>#include <map>using namespace std;int main(){    map<string, int> word_count;    string word;    cout << "Enter some words(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;    while (cin >> word)    {        ++word_count[word];    }    cout << "word\t\t" << "times" << endl;    for (map<string, int>::iterator it = word_count.begin(); it != word_count.end(); ++it)    {        cout << it->first << "\t\t" << it->second << endl;    }    return 0;}
[chapter10]$ ./a.out Enter some words(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end): abc abc ab def word times ab 1 abc 2 def 1

习题10.12:统计单词出现的次数(insert函数实现)

#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <utility>#include <vector>#include <map>using namespace std;int main(){    map<string, int> word_count;    string word;    cout << "Enter some words(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;    while (cin >> word)    {        pair<map<string, int>::iterator, bool> ret = word_count.insert(pair<string, int>(word, 0));        ++ret.first->second;    }    cout << "Word\t\t" << "times" << endl;    for (map<string, int>::iterator it = word_count.begin(); it != word_count.end(); ++it)    {        cout << it->first << "\t\t" << it->second << endl;    }    return 0;}
[chapter10]$ ./a.out Enter some words(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end): aaa bbb ccc ddd aaa bbb ccc eee Word times aaa 2 bbb 2 ccc 2 ddd 1 eee 1

习题10.17:单词转换

#include <iostream>#include <fstream>#include <sstream>#include <string>#include <utility>#include <vector>#include <map>#include <stdexcept>using namespace std;ifstream & open_file(ifstream &in, const string &file){    in.close();    in.clear();    in.open(file.c_str());    return in;}int main(int argc, char **argv){    map<string, string> trans_map;    string key, value;    if (argc != 3)    {        throw runtime_error("wrong number of arguments");    }    ifstream map_file;    if (!open_file(map_file, argv[1]))    {        throw runtime_error("no transformation file");    }    while (map_file >> key >> value)    {        trans_map.insert(make_pair(key, value));    }    ifstream input;    if (!open_file(input, argv[2]))    {        throw runtime_error("no input file");    }       string line;    while (getline(input, line))    {        istringstream stream(line);        string word;        bool firstword = true;        while (stream >> word)        {            map<string, string>::const_iterator map_it = trans_map.find(word);            if (map_it != trans_map.end())            {                word = map_it->second;            }            if (firstword)            {                firstword = false;            }            else            {                cout << "  ";            }            cout << word;        }        cout << endl;    }    return 0;}
[chapter10]$ ./a.out terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error' what(): wrong number of arguments Aborted (core dumped) [chapter10]$ ./a.out dic daa terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error' what(): no transformation file Aborted (core dumped)[chapter10]$ ./a.out dict.txt aaa terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::runtime_error' what(): no input file Aborted (core dumped)[chapter10]$ cat dict.txti       Ilove    LOVEyou     YOU[chapter10]$ cat input.txti love youi love you[chapter10]$ ./a.out dict.txt input.txtI  LOVE  YOUI  LOVE  YOU

习题10.18:姓氏名字

[chapter10]$ cat exercise_10.18_name.cpp#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <map>#include <vector>using namespace std;int main(){    map<string, vector<string> > children;    string surname, childname;    // Read: Surname + childname1 + childname2 + ... + childnamen    do    {        cout << "Enter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;        cin >> surname;        if (!cin)        {            break;        }        vector<string> chd;        pair<map<string, vector<string> >::iterator, bool> ret = children.insert(make_pair(surname, chd));        if (!ret.second)        {            cout << "repeated surname: " << surname << endl;            continue;        }        cout << "Enter children's name(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;        while (cin >> childname)        {            ret.first->second.push_back(childname);        }        cin.clear();    } while(cin);    cin.clear();    cout << "Enter a surname to search:" << endl;    cin >> surname;    map<string, vector<string> >::iterator iter = children.find(surname);    if (iter == children.end())    {        cout << "no this surname: " << surname << endl;    }    else    {        cout << "children: " << endl;        vector<string>::iterator it = iter->second.begin();        while (it != iter->second.end())        {            cout << *it++ << endl;        }    }    return 0;}
[chapter10]$ ./a.outEnter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):123      Enter children's name(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):a b c d e f gEnter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):Enter a surname to search:123children:abcdefg

习题10.19:姓氏名字生日

#include <iostream>#include <string>#include <map>#include <vector>using namespace std;int main(){    map<string, vector<pair<string, string> > > children;    string surname, childname, birthday;    // Read: Surname + childname1&birthday1 + childname2&birthday2 + ... + childnamen&birthdayn    do    {        cout << "Enter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;        cin >> surname;        if (!cin)        {            break;        }        // child's name and birthday        vector<pair<string, string> > chd;        pair<map<string, vector<pair<string, string> > >::iterator, bool> ret = children.insert(make_pair(surname, chd));        if (!ret.second)        {            cout << "repeated surname: " << surname << endl;            continue;        }        cout << "Enter children's name and birthday(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):" << endl;        while (cin >> childname >> birthday)        {            ret.first->second.push_back(make_pair(childname, birthday));        }        cin.clear();    } while(cin);    cin.clear();    while (1)    {        cout << "Enter a surname to search:" << endl;        cin >> surname;            map<string, vector<pair<string, string> > >::iterator iter = children.find(surname);        if (iter == children.end())        {            cout << "no this surname: " << surname << endl;        }        else        {            cout << "children\t\tbirthday" << endl;            vector<pair<string, string> >::iterator it = iter->second.begin();            while (it != iter->second.end())            {                cout << it->first << "\t\t" << it->second << endl;                it++;            }        }    }    return 0;}
[chapter10]$ ./a.out Enter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):123Enter children's name and birthday(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):a 11111111 b 22222222Enter surname(Ctrl + Z or Ctrl + D to end):Enter a surname to search:123children                birthdaya               11111111b               22222222Enter a surname to search:456no this surname: 456Enter a surname to search:^C


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