python实现清华大学联网助手(三)——linux下带参数的自定义命令/import机制

上两篇已经大致满足了我起初设计的需求。

最后，对代码进行了一些优化，并且修改代码使一些函数方法可以重用。最终实现了如下功能：登录校园网、登出校园网、查询当前网络状态、查询流量、帐户余额、当前用户组等基本信息、查询本账号当前在线IP信息、查询每日流量使用明细并生成直方图。

本篇主要探讨两个问题：

1 如何将.py脚本制作成linux下带参数的自定义命令；

2 import机制及使用。

1 如何将.py脚本制作成linux下带参数的自定义命令：

具体要求：

咱们有1个py脚本文件，它可以接受很多参数。但现在要执行它，必须先cd到.py文件的目录下，然后python pytunet.py -i -a --check。当然可传入的参数有很多，比如-i -o -a -h --check等等，每一次执行都可能是这些参数的任意组合。但操作这么麻烦，违背了初衷。要是这样还不如打开浏览器登录我的网费查询账户呢。因此我们迫切需要一个方法，让它成为一个自定义命令。

解决办法：

a) 写一个shell脚本，将参数传给pyhton脚本，然后将shell脚本放在自己的bin下。

显然这个方法可以实现，但比较麻烦，难道没有更好的办法了吗？

b) 修改linux的默认python解释器，#!/usr/bin/env python，给主脚本修改755执行权限，将alias写到.bashrc中去。

可能这么一说我们并不懂，我们一条一条来看。

①修改linux的默认python解释器。

因为一般linux都是预装python2的版本，而且系统内一些例行程序都需要python2，因此我们并不能删除。首先我们要安装python3.4。再删除原来/usr/bin下的python符号链接，再将python3.4设置为新的python符号链接。

sudo rm /usr/bin/python

sudo ln -s /usr/bin/python3.4 /usr/bin/python

这样我们的python3.4就是默认的解释器了。

②将#!/usr/bin/env python作为你脚本文件中的第一句。

这样的话，我们就不必为脚本指定python3.4作为运行该脚本的解释器。因为开头包含#符号，所以一般情况下被视作注释。在执行脚本时，如果指定了解释器则忽视这段代码。如果没指定，就默认使用该代码所指定的解释器。

因此python ./pytunet.py -q也就可以写作./pytunet.py -q了。

这样离我们的目标更近了一些。

③给主脚本设置755权限。

一般文件的权限是rwxr--r--类似这样的形式。分别表示root用户, 同组用户和其他用户的权限。r为读权限，w为写权限，x为执行权限，-表示没有这种权限。同样为了更为简单的表示，我们用二进制数来代表响应的权限，如rwx为111，r-x为101，对应的十进制数rwx为7，r-x为5。因此所谓的755权限是rwxr-xr-x。一般而言，在我们普通的私人电脑中，设置755权限是没有问题的。因此可以放心。

那么我们可以这样设置主脚本的权限：sudo chmod 755 pytunet.py。

④将alias写到.bashrc。

sudo权限打开用户路径下$HOME/.bashrc隐藏文件。选一个合适的位置加上如下alias：

alias tunet=‘/home/coderhuhy/mycommands/pytunet.py’，这里是你自己保存py脚本的位置。tunet为其别名。

保存并关闭.bashrc。注意需要重启或注销电脑，或者source ~/.bashrc。

由此一来你就可以使用tunet作为代号，完成所有工作。我们再也不用登录网费查询系统了。只需alt+ctrl+T调出terminal，输入tunet -q，就查询所有网费情况、流量使用明细等。是不是很炫酷。

2 import机制及使用：

因为有了多个.py文件，这就涉及到各个py文件之间的调用。

import是载入模块的关键字。我们可以import另一个脚本，并带全名地使用里面的函数。也可以from pytunet_query import function。区别在于前者需要全名，比如使用pytunet_query中的function方法，就需要pytunet_query.function()；但后者可以直接用function()。

个人建议，尽量使用import而不要使用from...import，原因在于前者能够区分是本脚本的方法还是本脚本外的方法，这样有利于理清逻辑关系。

最后，将我的最终v1.2版本的清华大学联网助手python版实现代码放上来。

pytunet_query.py：

import sys, time, osimport urllib.request, hashlib, http.cookiejarimport codecs, requery_login_url  = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/do.php'user_info_url    = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/user_info.php'online_state_url = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/online_user_ipv4.php'query_logout_url = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/do.php'info_header = [ '#' * 89,'#\t\t\t\tUser Flux Detail Infomation\t\t\t\t#','#' * 89]##########################################################File I/O Modules##########################################################def create_path(relative_path): base_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0])) return os.path.join(base_path, relative_path)def write_inline(file_handler, contents):for line in contents:file_handler.write(line + '\r\n')def save_query(contents):relative_path = 'USER_DETAIL_INFOMATION.LOG'file_handler = open(create_path(relative_path), 'w')write_inline(file_handler, info_header)file_handler.write('\t\t\t\tDatetime: ' + time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') + '\r\n' + '-' * 89 + '\r\n')write_inline(file_handler, contents)file_handler.write('\r\n')file_handler.close()##########################################################Connection Modules##########################################################def create_opener():cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()cookie_proc = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)return urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_proc)def response_login(login_data):request_url = urllib.request.Request(query_login_url, login_data.encode())response_url = urllib.request.urlopen(request_url)return response_url.read().decode()##########################################################Main Login/Logout Modules##########################################################def query_login(username, password):hashcd_md5 = hashlib.md5()hashcd_md5.update(password.encode())tr_password = hashcd_md5.hexdigest()login_data = 'user_login_name=' + username + '&user_password=' + tr_password + '&action=login'urllib.request.install_opener(create_opener())answer = response_login(login_data)if answer == 'ok':return Trueelse:return Falsedef query_logout():logout_data = 'action=logout'request_url = urllib.request.Request(query_logout_url, logout_data.encode())response_url = urllib.request.urlopen(request_url)print ('Your flux details and other infomations are saved in USER_DETAIL_INFOMATION.LOG under the SAME directory')##########################################################Data Post-Process Modules##########################################################def post_process(info):end_time = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')start_time = end_time[:8:] + '01'flux_detail_url = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/user_detail_list.php?action=balance2&user_login_name=&user_real_name=&desc=&order=&start_time=' + start_time + '&end_time=' + end_time + '&user_ip=&user_mac=&nas_ip=&nas_port=&is_ipv6=0&page=1&offset=200'response_usr = urllib.request.urlopen(user_info_url)response_state = urllib.request.urlopen(online_state_url)response_details = urllib.request.urlopen(flux_detail_url)info = flux_account_query(info, response_usr)info = online_state_query(info, response_state)info = flux_detail_query(info, response_details)return info##########################################################Integrated Query Modules##########################################################flux_account_keys = ('用户名', '用户组', '姓名', '证件号', '当前计费组', '使用时长(IPV4)', '使用流量(IPV4)', '使用时长(IPV6)', '使用流量(IPV6)', '帐户余额')online_state_keys = ()flux_detail_keys  = ()#Auxiliary Functiondef turn_key(key):if key[-5:-1] == 'byte':flux, unit = key.split('(')flux = float(flux) / 1024 / 1024new_key = '-->' + str(int(flux)) + '(MB)'key += new_keyreturn keydef get_days(year, month):month_length = (31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31)month_length_leap = (31,29,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31)if year % 400 == 0 or year % 100 != 0 and year % 4 == 0:return month_length_leap[month-1]else:return month_length[month-1]def solve_flux(flux):unit = flux[-1]val = float(flux[:len(flux)-1:])if unit == 'B':val /= 1024 * 1024elif unit == 'K':val /= 1024elif unit == 'G':val *= 1024return int(val)def trans_content(response):raw = response.read().decode('gb2312')raw = re.sub('<[^>]+>| |[\n\t]+|-->',' ',raw)raw = re.sub(' +', ' ', raw)return rawdef push_front(figure, line):tf = []tf.append(line)return tf + figuredef display_fluxAccount_onlineState(info):print()for line in info:if line[0] != '-':print(line)else:print()def display_flux_detail(fluxin, year, month, day):maxflux = 0divide = 10figure = []for flux in fluxin:if flux > maxflux:maxflux = fluxtop = str(int(maxflux)) + 'MB|'length = len(top)mid = str(int(maxflux / 2)) + 'MB|'mid = ' ' * (length - len(mid)) + midbottom = '0MB|'bottom = ' ' * (length - len(bottom)) + bottomunit = maxflux / dividefor i in range(day):fluxin[i] = int(fluxin[i] / unit)for i in range(divide):line = ''if i == divide - 1:line = topelif i == int((divide - 1) / 2):line = midelif i == 0:line = bottomelse:line = ' ' * (length - 1) + '|'for j in range(day):if fluxin[j] > 0:line += '**'fluxin[j] -= 1else:line += '  'figure = push_front(figure, line)figure = push_front(figure, '**每日流量使用统计列表**')figure.append(' ' * length + '--' * day)date_front = str(year) + '-' + str(month) +'-' + '1'date_rear  = str(year) + '-' + str(month) +'-' + str(day)date_mid   = str(year) + '-' + str(month) +'-' + '15'figure.append(' %s\t\t\t%s\t\t\t%s' %(date_front, date_mid, date_rear))for line in figure:print(line)print()#Integrated Querydef flux_account_query(info, response):info.append('**用户基本信息**')done = trans_content(response)match = re.search('用户名.*?(元) ', done)done = match.group()tlist = done.split(' ')line = ''for key in tlist:if line != '':key = turn_key(key)line = line + '\t: ' + keyinfo.append(line)line = ''elif key in flux_account_keys:line = keyinfo.append('-' * 89)return infodef online_state_query(info, response):info.append('**用户在线状态**')done = trans_content(response)match = re.search('\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}.*\d{2}:\d{2}', done)if match == None:info.append('当前没有任何IP在线')else:info.append('在线IP地址\t登陆日期\t登陆时间')done = match.group()tlist = done.split(' ')line = ''count = 0for key in tlist:if count == 0:if re.search('\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}.\d{1,3}', key) != None:line = keycount += 1elif count == 1:if re.search('\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}', key) != None:line += '\t' + keycount += 1elif count == 2:if re.search('\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}', key) != None:line += '\t' + keyinfo.append(line)line = ''count = 0info.append('-' * 89)display_fluxAccount_onlineState(info);return infodef flux_detail_query(info, response):info.append('**每日流量使用统计列表**')info.append('登出日期\t入流量\t出流量')done = trans_content(response)year, month = time.strftime('%Y %m').split(' ')days = get_days(int(year), int(month))tlist = done.split(' ')fluxin_perday = [0 for i in range(days)]fluxout_perday = [0 for i in range(days)]offline_date = Truecount = 0for key in tlist:if re.search('\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}', key) and offline_date:offline_date = Falseelif re.search('\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}', key) and not offline_date:offline_date = Trueyear, month, day = key.split('-')iday = int(day)elif re.search('\d+[.]\d*[BKMG]', key) and count == 0:fluxin_perday[iday-1] += solve_flux(key)count += 1elif re.search('\d+[.]\d*[BKMG]', key) and count == 1:fluxout_perday[iday-1] += solve_flux(key)count += 1elif re.search('\d+[.]\d*[BKMG]', key) and count == 2:count = 0for i in range(days):if i + 1 < 10:d = '0' + str(i + 1)else:d = str(i + 1)info.append('%s\t%s\t%s' %(time.strftime('%Y-%m-') + d, str(fluxin_perday[i]) + 'MB', str(fluxout_perday[i]) + 'MB'))display_flux_detail(fluxin_perday, int(year), int(month), days)return info##########################################################Main Part##########################################################def tunet_query(username, password):print('FETCHING DATA FROM http://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn, PLEASE WAIT FOR A MOMENT...')is_login = query_login(username, password)if is_login:info = []info = post_process(info)save_query(info)query_logout()else:print ('CAN\'T CAPTURE YOUR FLUX DATA, PLEASE TRY AGAIN LATER')def pytunet_query():username = 'hhy14'password = '123456'tunet_query(username, password)if __name__ == '__main__':pytunet_query()

pytunet_connect.py：

import timeimport urllib.request, hashlibimport codecslogin_url  = 'http://net.tsinghua.edu.cn/cgi-bin/do_login'logout_url = 'http://net.tsinghua.edu.cn/cgi-bin/do_logout'check_url  = 'http://net.tsinghua.edu.cn/cgi-bin/do_login'query_url  = 'https://usereg.tsinghua.edu.cn/login.php'times_cnt = {1: 'FIRST', 2: 'SECOND', 3: 'THIRD', 4: 'FORTH', 5: 'FIFTH'}ret_type  = {'logout_ok'       : 'LOGOUT SUCCESS','not_online_error' : 'NOT ONLINE','ip_exist_error'   : 'IP ALREADY EXISTS','user_tab_error'   : 'THE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM WAS NOT STARTED','username_error'   : 'WRONG USERNAME','user_group_error' : 'ACCOUNT INFOMATION INCORRECT','password_error'   : 'WRONG PASSWORD','status_error'     : 'ACCOUNT OVERDUE, PLEASE RECHARGE','available_error'  : 'ACCOUNT HAS BEEN SUSPENDED','delete_error'     : 'ACCOUNT HAS BEEN DELETED','usernum_error'    : 'USERS NUMBER LIMITED','online_num_error' : 'USERS NUMBER LIMITED','mode_error'       : 'DISABLE WEB REGISTRY','time_policy_error': 'CURRENT TIME IS NOT ALLOWED TO CONNECT','flux_error'       : 'FLUX OVER','ip_error'         : 'IP NOT VALID','mac_error'        : 'MAC NOT VALID','sync_error'       : 'YOUR INFOMATION HAS BEEN MODIFIED, PLEASE TRY AGAIN AFTER 2 MINUTES','ip_alloc'         : 'THE IP HAS BEEN ASSIGNED TO OTHER USER'}version  = '1.2'sleep_time = 8##########################################################Main Login/Logout Modules##########################################################def trans_content(response):content = response.read().decode()ret = ''for ch in content:if ch.isalpha() or ch == '_':ret += chreturn retdef tunet_login(username, password):hashcd_md5 = hashlib.md5()hashcd_md5.update(password.encode())tr_password = hashcd_md5.hexdigest()login_data = 'username=' + username + '&password=' + tr_password + '&drop=0&type=1&n=100'login_data = login_data.encode()request_url = urllib.request.Request(login_url, login_data)response_url = urllib.request.urlopen(request_url)ret = trans_content(response_url)print (ret_type.get(ret, 'CONNECTED'))return retdef tunet_logout():response_url = urllib.request.urlopen(logout_url)ret = trans_content(response_url)print (ret_type.get(ret, 'CONNECTED'))return retdef tunet_check():check_data = 'action=check_online'check_data = check_data.encode()request_url = urllib.request.Request(check_url, check_data)response_url = urllib.request.urlopen(request_url)ret = trans_content(response_url)if ret == '':print ('NOT ONLINE')else:print (ret_type.get(ret, 'CONNECTED'))return ret##########################################################Help&Version Modules##########################################################def tunet_help():print ('-h, --help   : show all options of Tsinghua University Internet Connector')print ('-v, --version: show version of Tsinghua University Internet Connector')print ('-u           : input your username after \'-u\'')print ('-p           : input your password after \'-p\'')print ('-a           : enter username and password later, you can login other campus network account')print ('-i, --login  : login operation')print ('-o, --logout : logout operation')print ('-c, --check  : check the internet')print ('-q, --query  : query basic infomation, online state and flux usage details')def tunet_version():print ('Tsinghua University Internet Connector ', version)def tunet_others():print ('UNKNOWN OPTIONS')print ('WHICH OPTION DO YOU WANT?')tunet_help()print ('IF ANY ERROR, PLEASE CONTACT [e-mail].')##########################################################Main Part##########################################################def tunet_connect(username, password):ret = 'ip_exist_error'for count in range(5):print ('%s attempts to connect...' % times_cnt.get(count + 1))if ret != tunet_login(username, password):breakif count == 4:print ('please try to reconnect after 1 minute')breakprint ('try to reconnect after %s seconds' %sleep_time)time.sleep(sleep_time)print ()

pytunet.py：

##########################################################Welcome##Tsinghua University Internet Connector in Python## Version: v1.2 ##Date: 2015/04/05##By: Haoyu huEmail: [e-mail]##Address: Tsinghua University##########################################################import pytunet_connectimport pytunet_queryimport sys, getopt, getpass, os, redef pytunet():relative_path = 'USERNAME_PASSWORD.txt'file_handler = open(pytunet_query.create_path(relative_path), 'r')lines = file_handler.readlines()if len(lines) != 2:print('%s IS DAMAGED, PLEASE CHECK THE CONTENT FORMAT IN THE FILE:' %relative_path)print('CONTENT FORMAT AS FOLLOWS:')print('username=huhy14\npassword=123456')exit(1)username = re.sub('\s', '', lines[0])password = re.sub('\s', '', lines[1])_, username = username.split('=')_, password = password.split('=')file_handler.close()try:options, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'achiop:qu:v', ['help', 'login', 'logout', 'check', 'version', 'query'])except getopt.GetoptError:pytunet_connect.tunet_others()sys.exit(1)want_login = Falsewant_query = Falseflag = Falsename, value = None, Nonefor name, value in options:if name in ('-h', '--help'):pytunet_connect.tunet_help()sys.exit(0)elif name in ('-v', '--version'):pytunet_connect.tunet_version()sys.exit(0)elif name == '-a':flag = Trueelif name == '-u':username = valueelif name == '-p':password = valueelif name in ('-i', '--login'):want_login = Trueelif name in ('-o', '--logout'):pytunet_connect.tunet_logout()sys.exit(0)elif name in ('-c', '--check'):pytunet_connect.tunet_check()sys.exit(0)elif name in ('-q', '--query'):want_query = Trueif flag:username = input('username: ')password = getpass.getpass('password: ')print (password)if want_query:pytunet_query.tunet_query(username, password)if want_login or not want_query and not want_login:pytunet_connect.tunet_connect(username, password)# if not want_query and not want_login:# print ('WARNING: YOU JUST DIDN\'T DO ANYTHING! IF YOU WANT TO CONNECT TO THE CAMPUS NETWORK, THE COMMAND MUST INCLUDE -i OR --login')# print()# pytunet_connect.tunet_help()if __name__ == '__main__':pytunet()

实际使用：

如分析或代码有误，请批评指正，谢谢！