Leetcode: Gray Code

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题目:
The gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.

Given a non-negative integer n representing the total number of bits in the code, print the sequence of gray code. A gray code sequence must begin with 0.

For example, given n = 2, return [0,1,3,2]. Its gray code sequence is:

00 - 001 - 111 - 310 - 2

Note:
For a given n, a gray code sequence is not uniquely defined.

For example, [0,2,3,1] is also a valid gray code sequence according to the above definition.

For now, the judge is able to judge based on one instance of gray code sequence. Sorry about that.

Gray Code:
在一组数的编码中,若任意两个相邻的代码只有一位二进制数不同,则称这种编码为格雷码(Gray Code)。格雷码当初是为了通信,现在则常用于模拟-数字转换和位置-数字转换中。

Gray Code转换方法:
递归生成码表
这种方法基于格雷码是反射码的事实,利用递归的如下规则来构造:

 
1. 1位格雷码有两个码字
2. n位格雷码中的前2(n-1)个码字等于n-1位格雷码的码字,按顺序书写,加前缀0
3. (n+1)位格雷码中的后2(n-1)个码字等于n-1位格雷码的码字,按逆序书写,加前缀1

C++参考代码(用时7ms):

class Solution{public:    vector<int> grayCode(int n)    {        vector<int> codes;        codes.push_back(0);        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)        {            int one = 1 << i;//最高位的数字1            int size = int(codes.size());            //这个循环要倒序哦            for (int j = size - 1; j >= 0; --j)            {                codes.push_back(one + codes[j]);            }        }        return codes;    }};

异或转换
二进制码->格雷码(编码):

 
1. 从0到2n-1编号
2. 从最右边一位起,依次将每一位与左边一位异或(XOR),作为对应格雷码该位的值,最左边一位不变(相当于左边是0);

格雷码->二进制码(解码):
从左边第二位起,将每位与左边一位解码后的值异或,作为该位解码后的值(最左边一位依然不变)。

C++代码(用时9ms):

class Solution{public:    vector<int> grayCode(int n)    {        vector<int> codes;        int size = 1 << n;//相当于pow(2, n)        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)        {            codes.push_back((i >> 1) ^ i);        }        return codes;    }};

我发现把第十行的右移一位codes.push_back((i >> 1) ^ i)(用了9ms)改成除法运算codes.push_back((i / 2) ^ i)(用了6ms)运算还变快了!

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