shell 中 grep、sed、awk 命令
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原文:http://blog.csdn.net/chenhanzhun/article/details/44133789
grep
命令
grep
命令基本语法
grep
命令是打印匹配文本行,其全称为 Global Search Regular Expression and Print out the line;基本语法如下:
<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">grep</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[OPTIONS]</span> <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">PATTERN</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[FILE...]</span><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">grep</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[OPTIONS]</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[-e PATTERN | -f FILE]</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[FILE...]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
其中,OPTIONS
表示选项;PATTERN
表示匹配模式,匹配模式可以是字符串、变量、正则表达式,若匹配模式中含义空格,则需要使用双引号将匹配模式引起来;FILE
表示一系列文件;grep
命令从文件中搜索满足指定匹配模式的文本行,并打印出来。
在前面文章《正则表达式》可知,正则表达式的分类为:
- 基本正则表达式(Basic Regular Expression):Basic RegEx,简称 BRE
- 扩展正则表达式(Extended Regular Expression):Extended RegEx,简称 ERE
- Perl 正则表达式(Perl Regular Expression):Perl RegEx,简称 PCRE;
grep
命令根据不同的参数支持不同的正则表达式:
grep
命令后不跟任何参数(默认),则表示要使用“BRE”;grep
命令后跟-E
参数,则表示要使用“ERE”;grep
命令后跟-P
参数,则表示要使用“PCRE”;
常用OPTIONS
选项如下表所示:
流编辑器 sed
sed
命令
sed
命令从文件或者标准输入中一次读取一行数据,将该行数据复制到缓冲区,然后读取命令行或脚本的编辑子命令,对缓冲区中的文本行进行编辑。重复此工作,直到所有文本行都处理完毕。
sed
命令编辑的是文件是原始文件在缓冲区中的副本,并不影响原始文件,但是可以把编辑结果通过输出重定向保存起来。
sed
命令的基本语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs r has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">sed [OPTION]<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">...</span> {script} [input-file]<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">...</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
常用选项OPTION
如下表所示:
文本行定位
sed
命令提供了两种方式来实现文本行的定位:行号定位、正则表达式定位
行号定位
- 定位某个特定的行
n
:n
是一个整数,表示定位到文本的第n
行; - 定位某段连续的行
n,m
:n
和m
都是整数,表示定位到起始行为n
,终止行为m
的文本行; - 指定起始行和步长
start~step
:起始行为start
,步长为step
; - 第一行
1
和最后一行$
:1
表示第一行,$
表示最后一行; - 指定某行后面的几行
n,+x
:表示从第n
行开始到后面的x
行;
正则表达式定位
sed
命令使用正则表达式定位文本行的语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#regexp 表示正则表达式</span>/regexp/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
sed
命令的常用操作
sed
命令的常用编辑命令有:打印、删除、增加、替换;其基本语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[address1[,address2]</span>] <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">command</span> <span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[argument]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
其中address
称为位置参数,即上面的行定位;command
是sed
所提供的子命令,用来实现编辑操作;argument
表示子命令的选项参数;
打印文本
sed
命令中可通过位置参数和p
命令打印所需要的文本行,其语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[address1[,address2]</span>] <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">p</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
例如:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#! /bin/bash</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#输出第1~4行文本,注意1,3p之间是单引号</span>sed -n <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'1,3p'</span> test.txt<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#输出以Lin开头的文本行</span>result=`sed -n <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/^Lin/ p'</span> test.txt`<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$result</span>"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>
替换文本
sed
命令中可通过位置参数和s
子命令替换文本行,其语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[address1[,address2]] s<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/pattern/replacemen/</span>[flag]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
flag
为替换标志,不同值会影响s
子命令的行为;flag
常用取值如下表所示:
删除文本
sed
命令中可通过位置参数和d
子命令删除文本行,其语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[address1[,address2]</span>] <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">d</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
增加文本
追加文本 sed
命令中可通过位置参数和a
子命令追加文本行,其语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#将string插入到address1位置后面</span>[address1] a <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">string</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
插入文本 sed
命令中可通过位置参数和i
子命令插入文本行,其语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#将string插入到address1位置前面</span>[address1] i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">string</span> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
组合命令
sed
命令支持将多个子命令组合在一起使用;具体方式如下所示:
- 使用
-e
选项:-e
选项可以将多个子命令组合在一起使用;例如:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#! /bin/bash</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#将全部小写字母 e 替换成大写字母 E,并打印第 1 行到第 3 行文本行</span>result=`sed -n <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-e</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'s/e/E/g'</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-e</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'1,3 p'</span> test.txt`<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$result</span>"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
- 使用分号
;
执行多个子命令:
其语法格式:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">sed <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-e</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'command1; command2...'</span> filename</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
例如:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#! /bin/bash</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#将全部小写字母 e 替换成大写字母 E,并打印第 1 行到第 3 行文本行</span>result=`sed -n <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-e</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'s/e/E/g; 1,3 p'</span> test.txt`<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$result</span>"</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
- 对同一个地址使用多个子命令:
其语法格式:
<code class="hljs r has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">address{ command1 command2 command3 <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">...</span>}<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#或</span>[address] { command1;command2;command3;<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">...</span>}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>
sed
脚本文件
可以将多个子命令写成后缀名为.sed
的sed
脚本文件,sed
脚本文件内容只需将各个子命令依次列出来,不必使用引号,若将多个子命令写在同一行,则不同子命令之间需使用分号隔开。调用sed
脚本文件的格式如下:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">sed <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-f</span> script</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
awk
命令
awk
命令的基本语法
awk
命令是一个文本处理工具,其基本语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs mathematica has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">awk pattern <span class="hljs-list" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{ actions }</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
其中,pattern
表示匹配模式,actions
表示要执行的操作;即对符合pattern
匹配模式的文本行执行actions
操作;若省略pattern
匹配模式,则表示对所有文本行执行actions
操作;若省略pattern
匹配模式,则把匹配成功的文本行打印输出;但是不能同时省略pattern
和actions
。
pattern
匹配模式可以是以下其中一种:
- 正则表达式;
- 关系表达式;
- 模式
1
,模式2
:指定一行的范围; BEGIN
:指定在第一行文本被处理之前所发生的操作;END
:指定在最后一行文本被读取之后发送的操作;
actions
命令由一个或多个命令、函数或者表达式组成,他们之间由换行符或分号隔开,并位于大括号内,一般有以下四种情况:
- 变量或数组赋值;
- 输出命令,例如
printf
或print
; - 内置函数;
- 流控制语句,例如
if
、while
或for
语句;
awk
命令的执行方式:
- 通过命令行执行:其语法:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">awk <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'awk程序语句'</span> 数据文件</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
- 执行
awk
脚本:其语法:
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#注意:awk脚本文件是后缀名为.awk的文件</span>awk <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-f</span> awk脚本文件 数据文件</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
- 可执行脚本文件:即在
shell
文件中指定解析器为#! /bin/awk -f
awk
命令的匹配模式
在awk
命令的匹配模式主要包括:关系表达式、正则表达式、混合模式、区间模式、BEGIN
模式、END
模式等。
关系表达式
awk
命令中的关系运算符如下表所示:
$1~/^A
表示匹配第一个字段以字符A
开头的记录!~不匹配运算正则表达式
awk
支持以正则表达式为匹配模式,其基本语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs vala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#regexp 表示正则表达式</span>/regexp/</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
例如:输出以字符u开头的文本行
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#! /bin/bash</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#filename:test.sh</span>result=`awk <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/^u/ {print}'</span> shell.md`<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$result</span>"</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#输出结果:</span>$ sh test.sh <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">unset</span> variable_name<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">unset</span> varuntiluntil<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">unset</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-f</span> 函数名</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>
混合模式
在awk
命令的匹配模式中,可以通过逻辑运算符使用多个表达式组成命令;基本逻辑运算符如下表所示:
区间模式
awk
命令支持区间模式,其语法如下:
<code class="hljs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">pattern1, pattern2</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
例如:第一个匹配模式是:以字符串one
开头的文本行;第二个匹配模式是:第3
字段等于14
的文本行;所有符合这两个匹配模式之间的文本行都会被输出;
<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-shebang" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">#!/bin/bash</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#filename:test.sh</span>result=`awk <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/^one/ , $3==14 {print}'</span> test.txt`<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$result</span>"</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#执行结果:</span>$ sh test.sh one <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span>two <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">25</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>three <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span>four <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">26</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">35</span>five <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li></ul>
BEGIN
模式
BEGIN
模式是awk
命令一种特殊的内置模式,在awk
读取数据之前对执行的操作;
例如:
<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#! /usr/bin/awk -f</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#filename:test.sh</span>BEGIN { print <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Beging operator."</span> }/^<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">one</span>/ , $<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>==<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> {print}<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#执行结果:</span>$ ./test.sh test.txtBeging operator.<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">one</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">two</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">25</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">three</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">four</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">26</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">35</span><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">five</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">14</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li></ul>
END
模式
END
模式是在处理完数据之后执行的操作;例如:
<code class="hljs asciidoc has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">#! /usr/bin/awk -f# /usr/bin/env awk -f#filename:test.shBEGIN {<span class="hljs-code" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> print "Beging operator."</span><span class="hljs-code" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> print "===================="</span>}/^one/ , $3==14 {print}END {<span class="hljs-code" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> print "===================="</span><span class="hljs-code" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> print "Ending operator."</span>}#执行结果:$ ./test.sh test.txt<span class="hljs-header" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Beging operator.====================</span>one 10 20 30two 15 25 20three 20 15 31four 16 26 35<span class="hljs-header" style="box-sizing: border-box;">five 11 14 40====================</span>Ending operator.</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li></ul>
awk
变量
awk
中的用户自定义的变量一般在BEGIN
模式中定义;
系统内置变量
awk
的常用系统内置变量如下表所示:
运算符
awk
命令支持常用的运算符:算术运算符、赋值运算符、条件运算符、逻辑运算法、关系运算符等操作;
算术运算符
awk
命令直接支持的算术运算符有:加+、减-、乘*、除/、模运算%、指数运算^;
赋值运算符
awk
命令常用的赋值运算符有:=、+=、-=、*=、/=、%=、^=;
条件运算符
awk
命令的条件运算符语法如下所示:
<code class="hljs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">表达式?值1:值2</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
逻辑运算法
awk
命令支持的逻辑运算符:&&、||、!;
关系运算符
awk
命令支持的关系运算符:>、>=、<、<=、==、!=、~、!~;
awk
函数
awk
提供了许多系统函数,用户也可以自定义函数;
字符串函数
常用的字符串函数有:
算术函数
常用的算术函数有:int(x)、sqrt(x)、exp(x)、log(x)、sin(x)、cos(x)、rand(x)、srand(x);
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