2.6 OpenCv类CvMat操作

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转自：http://blog.csdn.net/augusdi/article/details/8864950

综述:
OpenCV有针对矩阵操作的C语言函数. 许多其他方法提供了更加方便的C++接口，其效率与OpenCV一样.
OpenCV将向量作为1维矩阵处理.
矩阵按行存储，每行有4字节的校整.

分配矩阵空间:
CvMat* cvCreateMat(int rows, int cols, int type);

type: 矩阵元素类型. 格式为CV_<bit_depth>(S|U|F)C<number_of_channels>. 例如: CV_8UC1 表示8位无符号单通道矩阵, CV_32SC2表示32位有符号双通道矩阵. 例程:

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CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);

释放矩阵空间:

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CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
cvReleaseMat(&M);

复制矩阵:

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CvMat* M1 = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* M2;M2=cvCloneMat(M1);

初始化矩阵:

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double a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12 };
CvMat Ma=cvMat(3, 4, CV_64FC1, a);
另一种方法:

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CvMat Ma;
cvInitMatHeader(&Ma, 3, 4, CV_64FC1, a);
初始化矩阵为单位阵:

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CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
cvSetIdentity(M); // 这里似乎有问题，不成功
存取矩阵元素

假设需要存取一个2维浮点矩阵的第(i,j)个元素.

间接存取矩阵元素:

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cvmSet(M,i,j,2.0); // Set M(i,j)
t = cvmGet(M,i,j); // Get M(i,j)
直接存取，假设使用4-字节校正:

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CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
int n = M->cols;
float *data = M->data.fl;
data[i*n+j] = 3.0;
直接存取，校正字节任意:

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CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
int step = M->step/sizeof(float);
float *data = M->data.fl;
(data+i*step)[j] = 3.0;
直接存取一个初始化的矩阵元素:

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double a[16];
CvMat Ma = cvMat(3, 4, CV_64FC1, a);
a[i*4+j] = 2.0; // Ma(i,j)=2.0;
矩阵/向量操作

矩阵-矩阵操作:

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CvMat *Ma, *Mb, *Mc;
cvAdd(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma+Mb -> Mc
cvSub(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma-Mb -> Mc
cvMatMul(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma*Mb -> Mc
按元素的矩阵操作:

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CvMat *Ma, *Mb, *Mc;
cvMul(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma.*Mb -> Mc
cvDiv(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma./Mb -> Mc
cvAddS(Ma, cvScalar(-10.0), Mc); // Ma.-10 -> Mc
向量乘积:

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double va[] = {1, 2, 3};
double vb[] = {0, 0, 1};
double vc[3];
CvMat Va=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, va);
CvMat Vb=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, vb);
CvMat Vc=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, vc);
double res=cvDotProduct(&Va,&Vb); // 点乘: Va . Vb -> res
cvCrossProduct(&Va, &Vb, &Vc); // 向量积: Va x Vb -> Vcend{verbatim}
注意 Va, Vb, Vc 在向量积中向量元素个数须相同.

单矩阵操作:

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CvMat *Ma, *Mb;
cvTranspose(Ma, Mb); // transpose(Ma) -> Mb (不能对自身进行转置)CvScalar
double d = cvDet(Ma); // det(Ma) -> dcvInvert(Ma, Mb); // inv(Ma) -> Mb
非齐次线性系统求解:

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CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* x = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* b = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1);
cvSolve(&A, &b, &x); // solve (Ax=b) for x
特征值分析(针对对称矩阵):

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CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* E = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* l = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1);
cvEigenVV(&A, &E, &l); // l = A的特征值 (降序排列) // E = 对应的特征向量 (每行)

奇异值分解SVD:

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CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* U = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* D = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* V = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1);
cvSVD(A, D, U, V, CV_SVD_U_T|CV_SVD_V_T); // A = U D V^T

标号使得 U 和 V 返回时被转置(若没有转置标号，则有问题不成功!!!).

视频序列操作

从视频序列中抓取一帧

OpenCV支持从摄像头或视频文件(AVI)中抓取图像.

从摄像头获取初始化:

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CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromCAM(0); // capture from video device #0

从视频文件获取初始化:

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CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromAVI("infile.avi");

抓取帧:

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IplImage* img = 0; if(!cvGrabFrame(capture))
{
// 抓取一帧
printf("Could not grab a frame\n\7");
exit(0);
}
img=cvRetrieveFrame(capture); // 恢复获取的帧图像

要从多个摄像头同时获取图像, 首先从每个摄像头抓取一帧. 在抓取动作都结束后再恢复帧图像.

释放抓取源:

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cvReleaseCapture(&capture);

注意由设备抓取的图像是由capture函数自动分配和释放的. 不要试图自己释放它.

获取/设定帧信息

获取设备特性:

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cvQueryFrame(capture); // this call is necessary to get correct // capture properties
int frameH = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT);
int frameW = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH);
int fps = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FPS);
int numFrames = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT);
所有帧数似乎只与视频文件有关. 用摄像头时不对，奇怪!!!.

获取帧信息:

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float posMsec = cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC);
int posFrames = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES);
float posRatio = cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_AVI_RATIO);

获取所抓取帧在视频序列中的位置, 从首帧开始按[毫秒]算. 或者从首帧开始从0标号, 获取所抓取帧的标号. 或者取相对位置，首帧为0，末帧为1, 只对视频文件有效.

设定所抓取的第一帧标号:

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// 从视频文件相对位置0.9处开始抓取
cvSetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_AVI_RATIO, (double)0.9);

只对从视频文件抓取有效. 不过似乎也不成功!!!

存储视频文件

初始化视频存储器:

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CvVideoWriter *writer = 0;
int isColor = 1;
int fps = 25; // or 30
int frameW = 640; // 744 for firewire cameras
int frameH = 480; // 480 for firewire cameras
writer = cvCreateVideoWriter("out.avi",CV_FOURCC('P','I','M','1'),fps,cvSize(frameW,frameH),isColor);

其他有效编码:

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CV_FOURCC('P','I','M','1') = MPEG-1 codec
CV_FOURCC('M','J','P','G') = motion-jpeg codec (does not work well)
CV_FOURCC('M', 'P', '4', '2') = MPEG-4.2 codec
CV_FOURCC('D', 'I', 'V', '3') = MPEG-4.3 codec
CV_FOURCC('D', 'I', 'V', 'X') = MPEG-4 codec
CV_FOURCC('U', '2', '6', '3') = H263 codec
CV_FOURCC('I', '2', '6', '3') = H263I codec
CV_FOURCC('F', 'L', 'V', '1') = FLV1 codec

若把视频编码设为-1则将打开一个编码选择窗口(windows系统下).

存储视频文件:

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IplImage* img = 0;
int nFrames = 50;
for(i=0;i<nFrames;i++)
{
cvGrabFrame(capture); // 抓取帧
img=cvRetrieveFrame(capture); // 恢复图像
cvWriteFrame(writer,img); // 将帧添加入视频文件
}

若想在抓取中查看抓取图像, 可在循环中加入下列代码:

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cvShowImage("mainWin", img);
key=cvWaitKey(20); // wait 20 ms

若没有20[毫秒]延迟，将无法正确显示视频序列.

释放视频存储器:

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cvReleaseVideoWriter(&writer);

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