C++中为什么要将析构函数设为virtual

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要回答这个问题,首先需要弄清楚的问题是,在C++中类的构造函数、析构函数的调用次序是什么?

 

这里指假设基类和派生类的成员中,包含其他类的对象。

在C++中,构造函数的调用次序是:

基类的成员->基类的构造函数体->派生类的成员->派生类的构造函数体

析构函数的调用次序是:

派生类的析构函数->派生类的成员析构->基类的析构函数->基类的成员析构

 

下面的例子给出了形象的展示:

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class AA{public:    AA()    {        cout<<"AA Construct"<<endl;    }    ~AA()    {        cout<<"AA Destroy"<<endl;    }};class BB{public:    BB()    {        cout<<"BB Construct"<<endl;    }    ~BB()    {        cout<<"BB Destroy"<<endl;    }};class Base{public:    Base()    {        cout<<"Base Construct"<<endl;    }    ~Base()    {        cout<<"Base Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    AA aa;};class Derive: public Base{public:    Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Construct"<<endl;    }        ~Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    BB bb;};int main(){    Derive d;    /*运行结果    AA Construct    Base Construct    BB Construct    Derive Construct    Derive Destroy    BB Destroy    Base Destroy    AA Destroy    */}

运行截图如下:



但是当涉及多态时,使用基类指针指向 new创建的派生类对象时,情况就有所不同了

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class AA{public:    AA()    {        cout<<"AA Construct"<<endl;    }    ~AA()    {        cout<<"AA Destroy"<<endl;    }};class BB{public:    BB()    {        cout<<"BB Construct"<<endl;    }    ~BB()    {        cout<<"BB Destroy"<<endl;    }};class Base{public:    Base()    {        cout<<"Base Construct"<<endl;    }    ~Base()    {        cout<<"Base Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    AA aa;};class Derive: public Base{public:    Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Construct"<<endl;    }        ~Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    BB bb;};int main(){    Base *p = new Derive;    delete p;    /*运行结果    AA Construct    Base Construct    BB Construct    Derive Construct    Base Destroy    AA Destroy    */}

运行截图如下:



从程序的运行情况来看,我们不难发现,在最后释放指针p所指向的对象时,只释放了基类的部分,没有释放派生类的部分。这是因为,指针p声明时是基类的指针,而基类的析构函数不是虚函数,所以调用那个析构函数是在编译时确定的。如果要执行正确的析构顺序,需要将基类的析构函数定义为 virtual, 这样派生类的析构函数就自动是virtual的了,在最后释放指针p时,按照RTTI,执行p所指真实对象的析构函数。

 

下面是将基类的析构函数指定为virtual时,(派生类析构函数自动为virtual)

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class AA{public:    AA()    {        cout<<"AA Construct"<<endl;    }    ~AA()    {        cout<<"AA Destroy"<<endl;    }};class BB{public:    BB()    {        cout<<"BB Construct"<<endl;    }    ~BB()    {        cout<<"BB Destroy"<<endl;    }};class Base{public:    Base()    {        cout<<"Base Construct"<<endl;    }    virtual ~Base()    {        cout<<"Base Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    AA aa;};class Derive: public Base{public:    Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Construct"<<endl;    }        ~Derive()    {        cout<<"Derive Destroy"<<endl;    }private:    BB bb;};int main(){    Base *p = new Derive;    delete p;    /*运行结果    AA Construct    Base Construct    BB Construct    Derive Construct    Derive Destroy    BB Destroy    Base Destroy    AA Destroy    */}

运行截图如下:






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