Core Foundation 框架

Core Foundation框架 (CoreFoundation.framework) 是一组C语言接口，它们为iOS应用程序提供基本数据管理和服务功能。下面列举该框架支持进行管理的数据以及可提供的服务：

• 群体数据类型 (数组、集合等)

• 程序包

• 字符串管理

• 日期和时间管理

• 原始数据块管理

• 偏好管理

• URL及数据流操作

• 线程和RunLoop

• 端口和soket通讯

Core Foundation框架和Foundation框架紧密相关，它们为相同功能提供接口，但Foundation框架提供Objective-C接口。如果您将Foundation对象和Core Foundation类型掺杂使用，则可利用两个框架之间的 “toll-free bridging”。所谓的Toll-free bridging是说您可以在某个框架的方法或函数同时使用Core Foundatio和Foundation 框架中的某些类型。很多数据类型支持这一特性，其中包括群体和字符串数据类型。每个框架的类和类型描述都会对某个对象是否为 toll-free bridged，应和什么对象桥接进行说明。

如需进一步信息，请阅读Core Foundation 框架参考。

自 Xcode4.2 开始导入ARC机制后，为了支持对象间的转型，Apple又增加了许多转型用的关键字。这一讲我们就来了解其用法，以及产生的理由。

引子

我们先来看一下ARC无效的时候，我们写id类型转void*类型的写法：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSObject</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> alloc</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> init</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li></ol>

反过来，当把void*对象变回id类型时，只是简单地如下来写，

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> p</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">obj release</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li></ol>

但是上面的代码在ARC有效时，就有了下面的错误：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    error</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">:</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">implicit</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> conversion of an </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Objective</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">-</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C pointer</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">        to </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">’</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">is</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> disallowed </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">with</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> ARC</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">        </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">                  </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">^</span></li><li class="L4" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L5" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    error</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">:</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">implicit</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> conversion of a non</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">-</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Objective</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">-</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C pointer</span></li><li class="L6" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">        type </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">’</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> to </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">is</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> disallowed </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">with</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> ARC</span></li><li class="L7" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">        id o </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> p</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L8" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">                </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">^</span></li></ol>

__bridge

为了解决这一问题，我们使用 __bridge 关键字来实现id类型与void*类型的相互转换。看下面的例子。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSObject</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> alloc</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> init</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L4" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id o </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li></ol>

将Objective-C的对象类型用 __bridge 转换为 void* 类型和使用 __unsafe_unretained 关键字修饰的变量是一样的。被代入对象的所有者需要明确对象生命周期的管理，不要出现异常访问的问题。

除过 __bridge 以外，还有两个 __bridge 相关的类型转换关键字：

• __bridge_retained
• __bridge_transfer

接下来，我们将看看这两个关键字的区别。

__bridge_retained

先来看使用 __bridge_retained 关键字的例子程序：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSObject</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> alloc</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> init</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_retained </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li></ol>

从名字上我们应该能理解其意义：类型被转换时，其对象的所有权也将被变换后变量所持有。如果不是ARC代码，类似下面的实现：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSObject</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> alloc</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> init</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p retain</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li></ol>

可以用一个实际的例子验证，对象所有权是否被持有。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="lit" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);">0</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">{</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSObject</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> alloc</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> init</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L4" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    p </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_retained </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">void</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">obj</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L5" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">}</span></li><li class="L6" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L7" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSLog</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(@</span><span class="str" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">"class=%@"</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">,</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">class</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">]);</span></li></ol>

出了大括号的范围后，p 仍然指向一个有效的实体。说明他拥有该对象的所有权，该对象没有因为出其定义范围而被销毁。

__bridge_transfer

相反，当想把本来拥有对象所有权的变量，在类型转换后，让其释放原先所有权的时候，需要使用 __bridge_transfer 关键字。文字有点绕口，我们还是来看一段代码吧。

如果ARC无效的时候，我们可能需要写下面的代码。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="com" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">// p 变量原先持有对象的所有权</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">obj retain</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">[(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p release</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">];</span></li></ol>

那么ARC有效后，我们可以用下面的代码来替换：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="com" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">// p 变量原先持有对象的所有权</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id obj </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_transfer id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">p</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li></ol>

可以看出来，__bridge_retained 是编译器替我们做了 retain 操作，而 __bridge_transfer 是替我们做了 release¹。

Toll-Free bridged

在iOS世界，主要有两种对象：Objective-C 对象和 Core Foundation 对象0。Core Foundation 对象主要是有C语言实现的 Core Foundation Framework 的对象，其中也有对象引用计数的概念，只是不是 Cocoa Framework::Foundation Framework 的 retain/release，而是自身的 CFRetain/CFRelease 接口。

这两种对象间可以互相转换和操作，不使用ARC的时候，单纯的用C原因的类型转换，不需要消耗CPU的资源，所以叫做 Toll-Free bridged。比如 NSArray和CFArrayRef, NSString和CFStringRef，他们虽然属于不同的 Framework，但是具有相同的对象结构，所以可以用标准C的类型转换。

比如不使用ARC时，我们用下面的代码：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> stringWithFormat</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:...];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">;</span></li></ol>

同样，Core Foundation类型向Objective-C类型转换时，也是简单地用标准C的类型转换即可。

但是在ARC有效的情况下，将出现类似下面的编译错误：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cast</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> of </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Objective</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">-</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C pointer type </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> to C pointer type </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">aka </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">const</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">struct</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> __CFString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*’)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> requires a bridged cast</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> __bridge to convert directly </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">no</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> change </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">in</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> ownership</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> __bridge_retained to make an ARC </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">object</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> available </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">as</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> a </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">+</span><span class="lit" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">’</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">aka </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">const</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">struct</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> __CFString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*’)</span></li></ol>

错误中已经提示了我们需要怎样做：用 __bridge 或者 __bridge_retained 来转型，其差别就是变更对象的所有权。

正因为Objective-C是ARC管理的对象，而Core Foundation不是ARC管理的对象，所以才要特意这样转换，这与id类型向void*转换是一个概念。也就是说，当这两种类型（有ARC管理，没有ARC管理）在转换时，需要告诉编译器怎样处理对象的所有权。

上面的例子，使用 __bridge/__bridge_retained 后的代码如下：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> stringWithFormat</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:...];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">;</span></li></ol>

只是单纯地执行了类型转换，没有进行所有权的转移，也就是说，当string对象被释放的时候，cfString也不能被使用了。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> stringWithFormat</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:...];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_retained </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">;</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">...</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFRelease</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cfString</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">);</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="com" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">// 由于Core Foundation的对象不属于ARC的管理范畴，所以需要自己release</span></li></ol>

使用 __bridge_retained 可以通过转换目标处（cfString）的 retain 处理，来使所有权转移。即使 string 变量被释放，cfString 还是可以使用具体的对象。只是有一点，由于Core Foundation的对象不属于ARC的管理范畴，所以需要自己release。

实际上，Core Foundation 内部，为了实现Core Foundation对象类型与Objective-C对象类型的相互转换，提供了下面的函数。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFTypeRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFBridgingRetain</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id  X</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">{</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">return</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_retained  </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFTypeRef</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">X</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">;</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">}</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L4" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">id  </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFBridgingRelease</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFTypeRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  X</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">{</span></li><li class="L5" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">    </span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">return</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">  </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_transfer  id</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">X</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">;</span></li><li class="L6" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">}</span></li></ol>

所以，可以用 CFBridgingRetain 替代 __bridge_retained 关键字：

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">[</span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> stringWithFormat</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:...];</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFBridgingRetain</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">string</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">);</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">...</span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CFRelease</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cfString</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">);</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="com" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">// 由于Core Foundation不在ARC管理范围内，所以需要主动release。</span></li></ol>

__bridge_transfer

所有权被转移的同时，被转换变量将失去对象的所有权。当Core Foundation对象类型向Objective-C对象类型转换的时候，会经常用到 __bridge_transfer 关键字。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">CFStringCreate</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">...();</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">__bridge_transfer </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*)</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cfString</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">;</span></li><li class="L2" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></li><li class="L3" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="com" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(136, 0, 0);">// CFRelease(cfString); 因为已经用 __bridge_transfer 转移了对象的所有权，所以不需要调用 release</span></li></ol>

同样，我们可以使用 CFBridgingRelease() 来代替 __bridge_transfer 关键字。

<ol class="linenums" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 26px;"><li value="1" class="L0" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal;"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">CFStringRef</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> cfString </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">CFStringCreate</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">...();</span></li><li class="L1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: decimal; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">NSString</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">*</span><span class="kwd" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">string</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">=</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span class="typ" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">CFBridgingRelease</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">(</span><span class="pln" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">cfString</span><span class="pun" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 0);">);</span></li></ol>

总结

由上面的学习我们了解到 ARC 中类型转换的用法，那么我们实际使用中按照怎样的原则或者方法来区分使用呢，下面我总结了几点关键要素。

• 明确被转换类型是否是 ARC 管理的对象
  • Core Foundation 对象类型不在 ARC 管理范畴内
  • Cocoa Framework::Foundation 对象类型（即一般使用到的Objectie-C对象类型）在 ARC 的管理范畴内
• 如果不在 ARC 管理范畴内的对象，那么要清楚 release 的责任应该是谁
• 各种对象的生命周期是怎样的

---

1. 声明 id obj 的时候，其实是缺省的申明了一个 __strong 修饰的变量，所以编译器自动地加入了 retain 的处理，所以说 __bridge_transfer 关键字只为我们做了 release 处理。

转载：http://blog.csdn.net/weiwangchao_/article/details/7744972