C++标准异常类

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C++标准库异常类继承层次中的根类为exception,其定义在exception头文件中,它是C++标准库所有函数抛出异常的基类,exception的接口定义如下:

namespace std {

         class exception {

         public:

                   exception() throw();   //不抛出任何异常

                   exception(const exception& e) throw();

                   exception& operator= (const exception& e) throw();

                   virtual ~exception() throw)();

                   virtual const char* what() const throw(); //返回异常的描述信息

         };

}

除了exception类,C++还提供了一些类,用于报告程序不正常的情况,在这些预定义的类中反映的错误模型中,主要包含逻辑错误和运行时错误两大类。

逻辑错误主要包括invalid_argument, out_of_range, length_error, domain_error。当函数接收到无效的实参,会抛出invaild_argument异常,如果函数接收到超出期望范围的实参,会抛出out_of_range异常,等等。

namespace std {

         class logic_error: public exception {

         public:

                   explicit logic_error(const string &what_arg);

         };

         class invalid_argument: public logic_error {

         public:

                   explicit invalid_argument(const string &what_arg);

};

class out_of_range: public logic_error {

         public:

                   explicit out_of_range(const string &what_arg);

};

class length_error: public logic_error {

         public:

                   explicit length_error(const string &what_arg);

};

class domain_error: public logic_error {

         public:

                   explicit domain_error(const string &what_arg);

};

}

运行时错误由程序域之外的事件引发,只有在运行时才能检测,主要包括range_error, overflow_error, underflow_error。函数可以通过抛出range_eroor报告算术运算中的范围错误,通过抛出overflow_error报告溢出错误。

namespace std {

         class runtime_error: public exception {

         public:

                   explicit runtime_error(const string &what_arg);

         };

         class range_error: public runtime_error {

         public:

                   explicit range_error(const string &what_arg);

};

class overflow_error: public runtime_error {

         public:

                   explicit overflow_error(const string &what_arg);

};

class underflow_error: public runtime_error {

         public:

                   explicit underflow_error(const string &what_arg);

};

}

另外,在new头文件中定义了bad_alloc异常,exception也是bad_alloc的基类,用于报告new操作符不能正确分配内存的情形。当dynamic_cast失败时,程序会抛出bad_cast异常类,其也继承自exception类。

以上均是转载于内容。

下面我附上代码,希望有助于读者理解。


我自己设计的异常类,通过虚函数实现的多态,来动态的确定异常的种类:

#include <iostream>using namespace std;const int DefaultSize = 10;class Array{public:Array(int _size = DefaultSize):Size(_size){if (_size == 0){throw Xzero(_size);}else if (_size < 0){throw XNegative(_size);}else if (_size < 10){throw TooSmall(_size);}else if (_size > 30000){throw TooBig(_size);}pType = new int[_size];for (int i = 0;i < _size;++i){pType[i] = 0;}}class xError{};class ErrorSize{public://异常类的定义ErrorSize(){}ErrorSize(int size):XSize(size){}virtual ~ErrorSize(){}int GetXSize() { return XSize; }virtual void PrintError() = 0;protected:int XSize;};class Xzero:public ErrorSize{public:Xzero(int size):ErrorSize(size){}virtual void PrintError(){cout << "下标不能是 0, " << "size  is : " << XSize << endl;}};class XNegative:public ErrorSize{public:XNegative(int size) :ErrorSize(size) {}virtual void PrintError(){cout << "下标不能是负数 :" << "size  is : "<< XSize << endl;}};class TooSmall :public ErrorSize {public:TooSmall(int size):ErrorSize(size){}virtual void PrintError(){cout << "下标不能小于10 ," << "size  is : " << XSize << endl;}};class TooBig :public ErrorSize {public:TooBig(int size) :ErrorSize(size){}virtual void PrintError(){cout << "下标不能大于30000: " << "size  is :"<<XSize << endl;}};public:int GetSize(){return Size;}int& operator[](int offset){int size = GetSize();if (offset<0 || offset>=size ){throw xError();}return pType[offset];}~Array(){delete []pType;}private:int *pType;int Size;};int main(){try {Array arr(0);//Array arr(3000000);//Array arr(6);//Array arr(-1);for (int i = 0;i < 100;i++){arr[i] = i;cout << " a [" << i << "] is ok" << endl;}}catch (Array::ErrorSize& e){e.PrintError();}return 0;}


运行结果如下:


0 0