拓扑排序

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  在图论中,由一个有向无环图的顶点组成的序列,当且仅当满足下列条件时,称为该图的一个拓扑排序(Topological sorting)。
  1)每个顶点出现且只出现一次;
  2)若A在序列中排在B的前面,则在图中不存在从B到A的路径。
也可以定义为:拓扑排序是对有向无环图的顶点的一种排序,它使得如果存在一条从顶点A到顶点B的路径,那么在排序中B出现在A的后面。

  什么地方会用到拓扑排序呢?比如在存在着前后依赖关系的情况下,整个工程中,有些子工程(活动)必须在其它有关子工程完成之后才能开始,也就是说,一个子工程的开始是以它的所有前序子工程的结束为先决条件的,但有些子工程没有先决条件,可以安排在任何时间开始。
  举个例子:学习《数据结构》课程就必须安排在学完它的两门先修课程《离散数学》和《算法语言》之后。学习《高等数学》课程则可以随时安排,因为它是基础课程,没有先修课。

  拓扑排序是对于有向无环图而言的(DAG),就是对于这个图所有的点(V1, V2, … Vn)找到一个点序列使得任意边(u, v), u出现在v的前面。很容易证明,如果一个有向图中有环那么不存在拓扑排序。

  1)从 DAG 图中选择一个 没有前驱(即入度为0)的顶点并输出。
  2)从图中删除该顶点和所有以它为起点的有向边。
  3)重复 1 和 2 直到当前的 DAG 图为空或当前图中不存在无前驱的顶点为止。后一种情况说明有向图中必然存在环。


……

复杂度分析:
§Initialize In-Degree array:
O(|E|)
§Find vertex with in-degree 0:
|V| vertices, each takes O(|V|) to search In-Degree array.
Total time = O(|V|^2)
§Reduce In-Degree of all vertices adjacent to a vertex:
O(|E|)
§Output and mark vertex:
O(|V|)

Total time = O(|V|^2 + |E|) Quadratic time!

Kahn算法:

Total time = O(|V| + |E|)

#include <iostream>#include <list>#include <queue>#include <vector>using namespace std;class Graph{    int V; //定点数    list<int>* adj; //邻接表数组指针public:    Graph(int v);    void AddEdge(int v, int w);    int GetVecNum();    list<int>* GetAdj();};Graph::Graph(int v):V(v){    adj = new list<int>[v];};void Graph::AddEdge(int v, int w){    adj[v].push_back(w);}int Graph::GetVecNum(){    return V;}list<int>*  Graph::GetAdj(){    return adj;}const int V = 6;queue<int> zeroInDegreesQueue;int inDegrees[V];vector<int> resultVec;void InitZeroIndegreeQueue(Graph& graph){    list<int>* adj = graph.GetAdj();    for(int i=0; i<graph.GetVecNum(); i++){        for (list<int>::iterator it=adj[i].begin(); it != adj[i].end(); ++it)            inDegrees[*it]++;    }    for(int i=0; i<graph.GetVecNum(); i++){        if(inDegrees[i] == 0)            zeroInDegreesQueue.push(i);    }}void KahnTopologicalSort(Graph& graph){    int item;    int vecNum = 0;    list<int>* adj = graph.GetAdj();    while(!zeroInDegreesQueue.empty()){        resultVec.push_back(item = zeroInDegreesQueue.front());        zeroInDegreesQueue.pop();        vecNum++;        for (list<int>::iterator it=adj[item].begin(); it != adj[item].end(); ++it){            if(--inDegrees[*it] == 0)                zeroInDegreesQueue.push(*it);        }    }    if(vecNum < graph.GetVecNum())        cout<<"There is a cycle!\n";}void printResult(int i){    cout << ' ' << i;}int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[]){    Graph g(V);    g.AddEdge(5, 2);    g.AddEdge(5, 0);    g.AddEdge(4, 0);    g.AddEdge(4, 1);    g.AddEdge(2, 3);    g.AddEdge(3, 1);    cout << "Following is a KahnTopological Sort of the given graph \n";    InitZeroIndegreeQueue(g);    KahnTopologicalSort(g);    for_each(resultVec.begin(),resultVec.end(),printResult);    return 0;}

DFS:
  深度优先方法,其实可看做逆向的方法,找到没有出度的点,通过递归逆推。
L ← Empty list that will contain the sorted nodes
S ← Set of all nodes with no outgoing edges
for each node n in S do
  visit(n)
function visit(node n)
  if n has not been visited yet then
  mark n as visited
  for each node m with an edge from m to n do
   visit(m)
  add n to L

// A recursive function used by topologicalSortvoid Graph::topologicalSortUtil(int v, bool visited[], stack<int> &Stack){    // Mark the current node as visited.    visited[v] = true;    // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex    list<int>::iterator i;    for (i = adj[v].begin(); i != adj[v].end(); ++i)        if (!visited[*i])            topologicalSortUtil(*i, visited, Stack);    // Push current vertex to stack which stores result    Stack.push(v);}// The function to do Topological Sort. It uses recursive topologicalSortUtil()void Graph::topologicalSort(){    stack<int> Stack;    // Mark all the vertices as not visited    bool *visited = new bool[V];    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)        visited[i] = false;    // Call the recursive helper function to store Topological Sort    // starting from all vertices one by one    for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)      if (visited[i] == false)        topologicalSortUtil(i, visited, Stack);    // Print contents of stack    while (Stack.empty() == false)    {        cout << Stack.top() << " ";        Stack.pop();    }}// Driver program to test above functionsint main(){    // Create a graph given in the above diagram    Graph g(6);    g.addEdge(5, 2);    g.addEdge(5, 0);    g.addEdge(4, 0);    g.addEdge(4, 1);    g.addEdge(2, 3);    g.addEdge(3, 1);    cout << "Following is a Topological Sort of the given graph \n";    g.topologicalSort();    return 0;}

参考:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F
http://www.ivy-end.com/archives/992

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