Hive优化策略

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hive优化目标

在有限的资源下,执行效率高。

常见问题
数据倾斜、Map数设置、Reduce数设置等

hive执行

查看执行计划

explain [extended] hql

样例

explain select no,count(*) from testudf group by no;explain extended select no,count(*) from testudf group by no;

执行阶段
STAGE DEPENDENC1ES:
Stage-1 is a root stage
Stage-0 is a root stage

Map阶段

      Map Operator Tree:          TableScan            alias: testudf            Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats:                               NONE            Select Operator              expressions: no (type: string)              outputColumnNames: no              Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats                              : NONE              Group By Operator                aggregations: count()                keys: no (type: string)                mode: hash                outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1                Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column sta                              ts: NONE                Reduce Output Operator                  key expressions: _col0 (type: string)                  sort order: +                  Map-reduce partition columns: _col0 (type: string)                  Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column s                              tats: NONE                  value expressions: _col1 (type: bigint)

reduce阶段

      Reduce Operator Tree:        Group By Operator          aggregations: count(VALUE._col0)          keys: KEY._col0 (type: string)          mode: mergepartial          outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1          Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NONE          Select Operator            expressions: _col0 (type: string), _col1 (type: bigint)            outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1            Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NONE            File Output Operator              compressed: false              Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NO                              NE              table:                  input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat                  output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutput                              Format                  serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe

hive (liguodong)> explain extended select no,count(*) from testudf group by no;OKExplainABSTRACT SYNTAX TREE:TOK_QUERY   TOK_FROM      TOK_TABREF         TOK_TABNAME            testudf   TOK_INSERT      TOK_DESTINATION         TOK_DIR            TOK_TMP_FILE      TOK_SELECT         TOK_SELEXPR            TOK_TABLE_OR_COL               no         TOK_SELEXPR            TOK_FUNCTIONSTAR               count      TOK_GROUPBY         TOK_TABLE_OR_COL            noSTAGE DEPENDENCIES:  Stage-1 is a root stage  Stage-0 is a root stageSTAGE PLANS:  Stage: Stage-1    Map Reduce      Map Operator Tree:          TableScan            alias: testudf            Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats: NONE            GatherStats: false            Select Operator              expressions: no (type: string)              outputColumnNames: no              Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats: NONE              Group By Operator                aggregations: count()                keys: no (type: string)                mode: hash                outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1                Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats: NONE                Reduce Output Operator                  key expressions: _col0 (type: string)                  sort order: +                  Map-reduce partition columns: _col0 (type: string)                  Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 30 Basic stats: PARTIAL Column stats: NONE                  tag: -1                  value expressions: _col1 (type: bigint)      Path -> Alias:        hdfs://nameservice1/user/hive/warehouse/liguodong.db/testudf [testudf]      Path -> Partition:        hdfs://nameservice1/user/hive/warehouse/liguodong.db/testudf          Partition            base file name: testudf            input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat            output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat            properties:              COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE true              bucket_count -1              columns no,num              columns.comments              columns.types string:string              field.delim              file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat              file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat              line.delim              location hdfs://nameservice1/user/hive/warehouse/liguodong.db/testudf              name liguodong.testudf              numFiles 1              numRows 0              rawDataSize 0              serialization.ddl struct testudf { string no, string num}              serialization.format              serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe              totalSize 30              transient_lastDdlTime 1437374988            serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe              input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat              output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat              properties:                COLUMN_STATS_ACCURATE true                bucket_count -1                columns no,num                columns.comments                columns.types string:string                field.delim                file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat                file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat                line.delim                location hdfs://nameservice1/user/hive/warehouse/liguodong.db/testudf                name liguodong.testudf                numFiles 1                numRows 0                rawDataSize 0                serialization.ddl struct testudf { string no, string num}                serialization.format                serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe                totalSize 30                transient_lastDdlTime 1437374988              serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe              name: liguodong.testudf            name: liguodong.testudf      Truncated Path -> Alias:        /liguodong.db/testudf [testudf]      Needs Tagging: false      Reduce Operator Tree:        Group By Operator          aggregations: count(VALUE._col0)          keys: KEY._col0 (type: string)          mode: mergepartial          outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1          Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NONE          Select Operator            expressions: _col0 (type: string), _col1 (type: bigint)            outputColumnNames: _col0, _col1            Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NONE            File Output Operator              compressed: false              GlobalTableId: 0              directory: hdfs://nameservice1/tmp/hive-root/hive_2015-07-21_09-51-37_330_7990199479532530033-1/-mr-10000/.hive-staging_hive_2015-07-21_09-51-37_330_7990199479532530033-1/-ext-10001              NumFilesPerFileSink: 1              Statistics: Num rows: 0 Data size: 0 Basic stats: NONE Column stats: NONE              Stats Publishing Key Prefix: hdfs://nameservice1/tmp/hive-root/hive_2015-07-21_09-51-37_330_7990199479532530033-1/-mr-10000/.hive-staging_hive_2015-07-21_09-51-37_330_7990199479532530033-1/-ext-10001/              table:                  input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat                  output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat                  properties:                    columns _col0,_col1                    columns.types string:bigint                    escape.delim \                    hive.serialization.extend.nesting.levels true                    serialization.format 1                    serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe                  serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe              TotalFiles: 1              GatherStats: false              MultiFileSpray: false  Stage: Stage-0    Fetch Operator      limit: -1

HIVE执行过程

hive表优化

分区

静态分区
动态分区

set hive.exec.dynamic.partition=true;set hive.exec.dynamic.partltlon.mode=nonstrict;

分桶

set hive.enforce.bucketing=true;set hive.enforce.sorting=true;

表优化数据目标:相同数据尽量聚集在一起

Hive job优化

并行化执行

每个查询被hive转化成多个阶段,有些阶段关联性不大,则可以并行化执行,减少执行时问。

set hive.exec.parallel=true;set hive.exec.parallel.thread.number=8;

eg:

select num from (select count(city) as num from cityunion allselect count(province) as num from province)tmp;

本地化执行

set hive.exec.mode.local.auto=true;

当一个job满足如下条件才能真正使用本地模式:
1.job的输入数据大小必须小于参数:
hive.exec.mode.local.inputbytes.max(默认128MB)
2.job的map数必须小于参数:
hive.exec.mode.local.auto.tasks.max(默认4)
3.job的reduce数必须为0或者1

job合并输入小文件

set hive.input.format=org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.CombineHiveInputFormat

合并文件数由mapred.max.split.size限制的大小决定。

job合并输出小文件

set hive.merge.smallfiles.avgsize=256000000;当输出文件平均大小小于该值,启动新job合并文件
set hive.merge.size.per.task=64000000;合并之后的文件大小

JVM重利用

set mapred.job.reuse.jvm.num.tasks=20;

JVM重利用可以是job长时间保留slot,直到作业结束,这在对于有较多任务和较多小文件的任务是非常有意义的,减少执行时间。当然这个值不能设置过大,因为有些作业会有reduce任务,如果reduce任务没有完成,则map任务占用的slot不能释放,其他的作业可能就需要等待。

压缩数据

中间压缩就是处理hive查询的多个job之间的数据,对中间压缩,
最好选择一个节省CPU耗时的压缩方式。

set hive.exec.compress.intermediate=true;set hive.intermediate.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.SnappyCodec;set hive.intermediate.compression.type=BLOCK;

最终的输出也可以压缩,选择一个压缩效果比较好的,节省了磁盘空间,但是cpu比较耗时。

set hive.exec.compress.output=true;set mapred.output.compression.codec=org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.GzipCodec;set mapred.output.compression.type=BLOCK:

Hive SQL语句优化

join优化

hive.optimize.skewjoin=true; 如果是join过程出现倾斜应该设置为true
set hive.skewjoin.key=100000; 这个是join的键对应的记录条数超过这个值则会进行优化。

mapjoin

自动执行set hive.auto.convert.join=true;hive.mapjoin.smalltable.filesize默认值是25mb   手动执行select /*+mapjoin(A)*/ f.a,f.b from A t join B f on(f.a==t.a)

简单总结一下,mapjoin的使用场景:
1、关联操作中有一张表非常小
2、(不等值)的链接操作时

:小表尽量设置小一点或用手动方式。

bucket join

两个表以相同方式划分捅。
两个表的桶个数是倍数关系。

create table ordertab(cid int,price,float)clustered by(cid) into 32 buckets;create table customer(id int,first string)clustered by(id) into 32 buckets;select price from ordertab t join customer s on t.cid=s.id

修改where的位置进行优化

join优化前select m.cid, u.id from order m join customer u on m.cid=u.idwhere m.dt='2013-12-12join优化后select m.cid, u.id from(select cid from order where dt='2013-12-12') mjoin customer u on m.cid=u.id;这样就能减少join连接的数据量。

group by优化

hive.groupby.skewindata=true;
如果是group by过程出现倾斜应该设置为true。

set hive.groupby.mapaggr.checkinterval=100000;
这个是group的键对应的记录条数超过这个值则会进行优化。

count distinct优化

优化前(启动一个job,数据量大时,一个reduce负载过重)
select count(distinct id) from tablename;

优化后(启动两个job)

select count(1) from (select distinct id from tablename)tmp;select count(1) from (select id from tablename group by id)tmp;

union all优化

优化前select a,sum(b),count(distinct c),count(distinct d) from test group by a;优化后select a, sum(b) as b,count(c) as c, count(d) as dfrom(select a, 0 as b, c, null as d from test group by a,cunion allselect a, 0 as b, null as c, d from test group by a,dunion allselect a,b,null as c,null as d from test)tmpl group by a;

Hive Map/Reduce优化

Map优化

修改map个数进行优化
直接设置mapred.map.tasks无效
set mapred.map.tasks=10;

map个数的计算过程
(1)默认map个数
default_num=total_size/block_size;

(2)期望大小
goal_num=mapred.map.tasks;

(3)设置处理的文件大小

split_size=max(mapred.min.split.size,b1ock_size);split_num=total_size/split_size;

(4)计算的map个数
compute_map_num=min(split_num,max(default_num,goal_num))

经过以上的分析,在设置map个数的时候,可以简单的总结为以下几点:
1)如果想增加map个数,则设置mapred.map.tasks为一个较大的值。
2)如果想减小map个数,则设置mapred.min.split.size为一个较大的值。有如下两种情况:
情况1:输入文件size巨大,但不是小文件增大mapred.min.split.size的值。
情况2:输入文件数量巨大,且都是小文件,就是单个文件的size小于blockSize。
这种情况通过增大mapred.min.spllt.size不可行,
需要使用CombineFileInputFormat将多个input path合并成一个
InputSplit送给mapper处理,从而减少mapper的数量。

map端聚合
map阶段进行combiner
set hive.map.aggr=true:

推测执行
启动多个相同的map,谁先执行完,用谁的。
set mapred.map.tasks.speculative.execution=true


shuffle优化

根据需要配置相应参数。
Map端
io.sort.mb
io.sort.spill.percent
min.num.spill.for.combine
io.sort.factor
io.sort.record.percent

Reduce端
mapred.reduce.parallel.copies
mapred.reduce.copy.backoff
io.sort.factor
mapred.job.shuffle.input.buffer.percent
mapred.job.reduce.input.buffer.percent


Reduce优化

需要reduce操作的查询
聚合函数sum,count,distinct
高级查询group by,join,distribute by,cluster by…

order by比较特殊,只需要一个reduce,设置reduce个数无效。


推断执行
设置mapred.reduce.tasks.speculative.execution或者hive.mapred.reduce.tasks.speculative.execution效果都一样。

设置Reduce
set mapred.reduce.tasks=10; 直接设置
hive.exec.reducers.max 默认:999
hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer 默认:1G
计算公式
maxReducers=hive.exec.reducers.max
perReducer=hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer
numRTasks=min[maxReducers,input.size/perReducer]

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